The Basics of CODIS Combined DNA Index System Maher “Max” Noureddine, PhD, MS, D-ABC President: ForensiGen, LLC Founder and President The Institute for Advanced Career Development 3/20/2015

Biological Evidence Processing Evidence Collection and Preservation Suspect (s) Field Testing Laboratory Testing CODIS Database Identification Cold Hit What is it? Who is it from? Serology DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Source: PD

STR Loci in Modern Forensics Source: NIST There are more than 100,000 STR markers in the human genome

Electropherograms or “e-grams” 1 2 4 3

STR DNA Profiling DNA Profile of “Jane Doe” Identifiler DNA Testing Kit from ABI/Life Technologies Locus   allele1   allele2 D8S1179 13 D21S11 30 D7S820 10 11 CSF1PO 12 D3S1358 14 15 TH01 8 9.3 D13S317 D16S539 D2S1338 19 23 D19S433 VWA 17 18 TPOX D18S51 Amelogenin X D5S818 FGA 24 13 markers were agreed upon in November 1997 NDIS Launched by FBI in 1998 Non-CODIS Markers: not always included in statistical calculations

“Dropouts” Evidence Sample

Evidence Sample

NDIS Combined DNA Index System (FBI Lab) SDIS SDIS SDIS State Lab National Level NDIS (FBI Lab) State Level SDIS SDIS SDIS State Lab State Lab State Lab NC KY TN Local Level LDIS LDIS LDIS CMPD Local Labs in KY Local Labs in TN

Combined DNA Index System Source of Profiles Stored in CODIS (indexes): -Arrestee STR profiles (Statute) -Convicted offender STR profiles -Forensic sample profiles (Single and Mixtures) attributable to crime scene or potential unknown perpetrator (STR) -Missing person profiles (STR, YSTR, and Mitochondria) -Relatives of missing persons (STR, YSTR, and Mitochondria) -Unidentified human remains ((STR, YSTR, and Mitochondria)

Combined DNA Index System Year # Convicted Offenders Forensic Samples 2000 460,365 22,484 2001 750,929 27,897 2002 1,247,163 46,177 2003 1,493,536 70,931 2004 2,038,514 93,956 2005 2,826,505 126,315 2006 3,977,433 160,582 2007 5,287,505 203,401 2008 6,398,874 248,943 2009 7,688,286 298,369 2010 8,646,417 328,067 2011 9,404,747 361,176 2012 9,761,000 436,900

Statistical Information NDIS Participating Labs Combined DNA Index System Source: FBI State of NC and National as of January 2015 Statistical Information NC Total National Offender Profiles 239,396 11,592,430 Arrestee 23,563 1,325,123 Forensic Profiles 6,985 607,173 NDIS Participating Labs 2 194* Investigations Aided 2,460 261,501 CA = 24 labs, 1.7m Convicted Offender profiles Approx. 60 countries use CODIS software

Combined DNA Index System Standards of Data Acceptance/Eligibility into CODIS (set by the FBI) Forensic unknowns, mixtures, partials, shall originate from and/or be associated with a crime scene. Single source profile must have 13 core CODIS markers, allows for one marker with 3 alleles (arrestee, convicted offender). Forensic mixture DNA profiles submitted to SDIS and NDIS shall have no more than 4 alleles at any locus. A minimum of 10 core loci are required for upload to NDIS, 7 for SDIS. Forensic mixture and partial DNA profiles submitted to SDIS and NDIS shall satisfy a statistical threshold for match rarity: SDIS = 20 NDIS = 1

Combined DNA Index System What information is Contained in a CODIS Entry? DNA profile (All based on 13 Core STRs, no RFLP data after 2000) The unique identifier of the submitting agency Specimen ID issue by the Lab Identifier of the Analyst responsible for the entry No Personal Information, criminal history, or case-related information allowed

Combined DNA Index System How is Quality Maintained?? FBI Quality Assurance Standards applied for databasing labs Participating CODIS labs shall undergo a yearly audit Lab must be accredited by a nationally recognized NP agency Lab must be a part of a criminal justice agency Lab must sign a Memo of Understanding with FBI Lab must have a trained and qualified CODIS admin (2 preferred)

Combined DNA Index System Type of Searches performed by CODIS Software Sample to sample index Sample to convicted offender index A match can be: High Stringency Match (all alleles match) Moderate Stringency Match (9, 10, 11 mixture match to 10, 11) Low Stringency Match (8, 11 match to a 11, 12) for local searches

Coincidental matches, “false positives” ?? Combined DNA Index System What about: Non-law enforcement agency initiated searches and/or uploads to CODIS?? Coincidental matches, “false positives” ??