MULTINATIONALISM and the CHANGING POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

Devolution The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state. WHO??

Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements Many of Europe’s devolutionary movements came from nations within a state that define themselves as distinct ethnically, linguistically, or religiously.

Examples of devolution in Europe Scotland: against joining the EU, wanted independence -oil and natural gas revenues would flow to Scotland, not London -taxpayers funds would serve Scotland instead of the UK 1997 Scotland and Wales voted for devolution and their own parliaments were created. This gave rise to the idea of independence, not satisfied with being part of the UK

Basque separatists in Spain Regionalism: minority group self-awareness and identification with a region instead of a state. Basque separatists in Spain Separatists in Corsica want to leave France.

Other ethnocultural devolution Yugoslavia Bretons in France Czechoslovakia: Became Slovakia and Czech Rep Slovakia: border between Slovakia and Hungary has 11% Hungarians Hungarians face discrimination based on language and culture and want greater autonomy

Changes in Europe due to Ethnonationalism 1. formation of new states 2. more power to regions, new legislatures (parliaments) 3. linguistic or religious revival 4. regional separatism 5. political instability (civil war, fighting, hostility, ethnic cleansing, conflict) 6. Economic instability (economy declining) 7. Mass migration(refugees, emigration)

Other examples of devolution Sri Lanka Canada: Quebec Soviet Union into 15 independent states (Chechnya) Sudan: Muslim North and non-Muslim south Western China: Uyghur separatist movement Palestinians in Israel Subnationalism: give their primary allegiance to traditional groups or nations that are smaller than the population of the entire state. Self-determination

Economic Devolutionary Forces Catalonia in Spain: cite economics: 6% of territory and 17% of population, produces 25% of Spanish exports and 40% industrial exports. Mezzogiorno region of Italy, rich core of Europe separate from poor south.

Economic Devolution in Brazil 3 Southernmost States of Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Parana. Government misspending their tax money on assistance to Amazonia. -found a leader -created a flag -demanded independence calling themselves Republic of Pampas (govt outlawed this party)

Spatial Devolutionary Forces Most of the places seeking devolution are on the margins or periphery of a state or are isolated islands. -distance -remoteness -marginal locations, sometimes separated by a river, mt, or desert from central power Hawai’i: -right to reestablish an independent state called Hawai’I -Island of Kauai or part of the island

Supranationalism The efforts of three or more states to forge associations for common advantage and in pursuit of common goals International sanctions From League of Nations to United Nations

The United Nations Representation of countries has been more universal than that of the League

The United Nations Peacekeeping operations Unrepresented peoples Internal conflicts Not always successful > 40,000 peacekeeping troops serve The UN peacekeeping function provides major benefits to the international community Unrepresented peoples UNPO By 2002 had 51 members and 13 applicants

The Law of The Sea UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982 The Truman Proclamation Widening maritime claims The UNCLOS process Main provisions of the treaty: The territorial sea—12 nautical miles The exclusive economic zone (EEZ)—200 to 350 nautical miles Median lines States on opposite coasts divide the waters separating them The “High Seas”…

Regional Multinational Unions The first multinational union Benelux—Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg The Marshall Plan First-step of cooperation among European states

Toward a European Union The Organization of the European Economic Community (OEEC) France proposed a union with six other states called the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) The ECSC through negotiations and agreement led to the formation of the Common Market (EEC) Expansion created the European Community (EC) In 1992, further expansion led to creation of the European Union (EU)

Changes resulting from supranationalism in Europe 1. larger market (greater trade, reduced tariffs, greater economic prosperity) 2. Greater international influence(greater pol/eco power, greater ability to compete with economies of other countries) 3. Open borders (labor, tourists) 4. common currency (EURO) 5. Common policy (resources, agriculture, economic, environment, trade, military) or loss of control over individual policy 6. Loss of identity 7. War is less likely

Regional Multinational Unions Toward a European Union The future of European Supranationalism Difficult The United Kingdom did not allow its citizens to vote on membership in the EU Expansion May cause strains Progress toward supranational goals tends to be cyclic and flourishes when economic times are good

Regional Multinational Unions Supranationalism elsewhere NAFTA—the North American Free Trade Agreement CARICOM South America’s MERCOSUR ECOWAS Today, new groups are forming in almost all parts of the world FTAA—Free Trade Area of the Americas Other forms of Supranationalism NATO Cultural unions Political unions

Resources De Blij, Harm, J. (2007). Human Geography People, Place and Culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price, Patricia, & Jordan-Bychkov, 2010. The Human Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, & Getis, Judith, 2008. Human Geography, Landscapes of Human Activities. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and Pulsipher, 2008. World Regional Geography, Global Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company New York.   Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press.