1. Multinationalism
on the Map

2. Key Question:
What are Supranational Organizations, & What is the Future of the State?

3. Supranational Organizations
A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals. (political, economic, military,&/or cultural objectives)
How many supranational organizations exist in the world today?
In 2001, there were more than 60 of these multinational unions
Benelux – first multinational union; no tariffs, quotas, licenses; joined EEC later

4. Global Scale – The United Nations

5. Regional Scale – The European Union

6. How does Supranationalism affect the State?
identities
economics

7. Supranationalism
The more that states participate in such multilateral associations, the less likely they are to act alone in pursuit of a self-interest that might put them at odds with neighbors and the international community
All show that individual states should cooperate to accomplish goals; not be “rogue states”

8. International Sanctions?
Sanctions are sometimes used to try to force a country to do a particular thing
South Africa in the 1980s (apartheid)
Iraq post Gulf War
Palestine b/c of Hamas gov’t
2012, protesting Iran’s nuclear program
How effective they are at ending a policy is still debated, but they certainly impact economic arena

9. Modern Beginnings of Supranationalism
Traced back to end of WWI & desire to create organization to include all countries of world to prevent another world conflict
League of Nations created (1919), but US didn’t join (no way to enforce decisions)
63 countries did participate, but it had no real power
Failed when actually called upon (Ethiopia after Italian invasion)
Still, it laid foundation for future internat’l agreements
Led to negotiations about maritime law, boundary issues, fishing rights

10. Modern Beginnings of Supranationalism (cont)
To foster international security & cooperation, United Nations was formed at end of WWII
International Court of Justice (ICJ) w/capital at the Hague in Netherlands
Membership in UN demands a certain internationally approved standard of behavior
Many states still violate it, but it can lead to action from the UN as it did in South Africa, Iraq, & North Korea
Other subsidiaries include the FAO (Food & Agriculture organization), UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization), & WHO (World Health Organization)
Intervene in internal conflicts (army made up of soldiers from member nations)
Peacekeeping not always successful (Yugoslavia)

11. Members of the European Union (EU)

13. Europe vs. US size comparison map © by James Martin, licensed to About
Comparison of the European Union and the United States
Europe vs. US size comparison map © by James Martin, licensed to About

14. ██ Member states

17. Toward European Union
Forming the Organization of the European Economic Community (OEEC)
France proposed a union with six other states called the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
The ECSC through negotiations and agreement led to the formation of EEC aka Common Market (1958- economic)
Expansion created European Community (EC) (1986: econ/political),
In 1992, further expansion led to creation of European Union (EU).
The euro was introduced on January 1, 2002
12/27 members have adopted the Euro
Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, & Finland
NOT UK, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland
Success of the EEC induced other countries to apply for membership
A major stumbling block was money—having a common currency
Became the EC because it was seen not only as an economic union but as a step toward a future United States of Europe

18. European Supranationalism
EU is far from a U.S. of Europe – issues w/ balance of power (Germany), new applicants (Turkey – Muslim, weaker economy), …
Euroregions – transboundary cooperation zones; e.g. Nysa (Pol-Ger-Cze – 1991)
European Union has difficult process of integration ahead of them
Concern over Germany most populous & most productive of EU states
Expansion eastward may cause strains on the EU
Turkey has been denied membership on basis of its human rights record
Wealthy states expected to help support new poorer members

19. Changes as a result of supranationalism in Europe
Greater trade, free trade, reduced tariffs
International influence, ability to compete with economies of other countries
Open borders
Common currency
Common policy (resources, agriculture, economic, environment, trade, military) which results in loss of control over individual policy

20. Other forms of Supranationalism
Often formation of one group spawns another
Discussion of NATO and its growth –military alliance
Other organizations based on cultural objectives, some have political overtones (AU and Arab League)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization – military alliance
When the military is involved it releases a bit of sovereignty as the other country is allowed to have military bases on the land

21. Other Examples - Economic
NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
MERCOSUR – Southern Cone Community Market
CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States
ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States
OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

22. Other Examples- Political/ Military
United Nations – established after WWII (much more successful than the League of Nations); 192 members, many subsidiaries
Not a world gov’t, no standing army
UNPO – unrepresented people (51 members)
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
Created in 1991
all over the world
By 2002 had 51 members and 13 applicants
Cannot solve the problems
Gives the people a platform from which to be heard
Has cleared up misunderstandings and forestalled conflict

23. Other Examples- Political/ Military
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact- Soviet Union & satellites
Cold War Era
From , Cold War defined the global geopolitical situation
Ideological struggle b/t capitalism & communism; technology race; arms race; space race
East/West divide separated largely democratic & free-market economies of W. Europe & the Americas from communist & socialist economies of E. Europe & Asia
Domino Theory was real fear (if one falls; all will fall)
Capitalist Japan & communist Cuba were notable exceptions

24. Law of the Sea Many countries seek control of their coastlines
Defense & security
Protection of coastal fisheries
Enforcement of imports/customs/quarantines
Control of trade
Measurement used:
the statute mile of 5,280 feet (about 1,609 m), or
the international nautical mile of 6,000 feet (exactly 1,852 m).

25. Law of the Sea (cont)
For many years, it was different measurements (distance of a cannon shot) & then beyond were “high seas”
Didn’t really cause much concern until discovery of resources like fish, oil, gas, etc.
1930- began serious discussion but WWII got in the way
1945- US issues Truman Proclamation wh/ declared US would regulate continental shelf & fishery activities close to coastline (focuses attention on potential of continental shelves)
Lots of Western Hemisphere countries do the same

26. Law of the Sea (cont)
1958- UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea)
1960- UNCLOS II
UNCLOS III (things established there...)
157 countries sign (4 refuse including US)
Territorial sea- 12 NM
Contiguous zone- 24NM (customs, etc)
High seas (open to all)
EEZs

27. EEZs
Exclusive economic zones- under the law of sea- is a seazone over wh/ a state has special rights over exploration & use of marine resources
200NM to 350NM depending on extension of continental shelves
economic rights to explore & exploit natural resources in water, seabed, subsoil below
Disputes over the exact extent of Exclusive Economic Zones are a common source of conflict between states over marine waters.
One well-known example of such a dispute is the Cod Wars betw’n UK & Iceland.
South China Sea (& Spratly Islands) is site of ongoing dispute betw’n several neighboring nations
Ongoing dispute over defining continental shelf & EEZ between Turkey & Greece.

28. Median-line Principle:
The "median line principle" is an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places
Drawing a boundary midway b/w two states’ coasts when territorial sea or EEZ conflict
Usually done if there is less than 400 miles between the two
South China Sea – area of major disputes; Spratly Is. (rich in oil, claimed by six states)
Exception, not the rule

29. In 2004, the European Union welcomed 10 additional states, and in 2007, the European Union plans to welcome 2 more states. Examine the European Union website. Read about the European Union’s expansion and what is going on in the European Union right now. Consider how complicated it is for the European Union to bring together these many divergent members into one supranational organization.