Ciliates Amoeboid Protozoans Flagellated Protozoans The Protozoans Ciliates Amoeboid Protozoans Flagellated Protozoans Kingdom Protozoa

Kingdom Protozoa Defining Characteristics All are unicellular eukaryotes What is a prokaryote? Many species are both heterotrophic and autotrophic simultaneously or at different stages of the lifecycle Kingdom Protozoa

Eukaryote Cell

Prokaryote Cell

Adaptability Protozoans are ecologically important primary producers, consumers and as vital links in the food chain Humans are greatly effected by parasitic protozoans either directly or indirectly Effects range from irritating - fatal Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) worldwide epidemic Kingdom Protozoa

Reproduction Asexual reproduction Replication of chromosomes and the splitting of the parent into two or more parts Binary fission Multiple fission Budding Protozoans are problematic in their associations as colonial forms Through asexual reproduction protozoans are identical and could be considered multicellular Kingdom Protozoa

Asexual Reproduction Amoeba Flagellate Ciliate Kingdom Protozoa

Classification Alveolate Protozoans Phylum Ciliophora Phylum Dinozoa Phylum Apicomplexa The Cercozoa (Amoeboid Protozoans) Phylum Foraminifera Phylum Radiozoa Phytoflagellated protozoans Kingdom Protozoa

Phylum Ciliophora Defining characteristics Body externally ciliated in at least some lifecycle stages Have the highest degree of subcellular specialization and are considered advanced protozoans Paramecium feces Kingdom Protozoa

Cilia Cilia Fastest of all the protozoans Hair-like structures by which the organism moves, collects food and senses their surroundings Fastest of all the protozoans Cilia structure Kingdom Protozoa

Ciliate Biology Oral groove Cytostome Cytoproct Contractile vacuole Paramecium

Ciliate Lifestyles 65% of all ciliate species are free-living and mobile Some ciliates form colonial aggregations and have sessile habits Other ciliates have symbiotic relationships in invertebrates and vertebrates Vorticella Kingdom Protozoa

Dinoflagellates (Phylum Dinozoa) Know for bioluminescence and highly toxic red tides Dense aggregations produce saxitoxin killing fish and crustaceans Also contaminates shellfish causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning Some benthic dinoflagellates produce a neurotoxin that accumulates in tropical fish called Ciguatera Kingdom Protozoa

Zooflagellated Protozoans Choanoflagellates Kingdom Protozoa

Malaria (Plasmodium)

Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) All members of this phylum are endoparasites Includes Malaria (Plasmodium) Toxoplasma gondii Perkinsus spp. Pneumocystis carinii Kingdom Protozoa

Amoeboid Protozoans Characterized by pseudopodia Contains 4 phyla: Foraminifera, Radiozoa, Amoebozoa, and Heliozoa Most reproduce asexually through binary fission Characterized by pseudopodia Food is usually captured by phagocytosis Body types range from free flowing to rigid with skeletal supports Kingdom Protozoa

Phagocytosis Kingdom Protozoa

Amebas and Humans Kingdom Protozoa

Class Foraminifera (Cercozoa) Defining characteristics Individuals secrete multi-chambered tests, generally made of calcium carbonate (CaCo3) Foram. tests Kingdom Protozoa

Foraminiferans Extremely abundant, most are benthic and marine Feed on diatoms and algae, very slow movers Organisms are extremely common and form ooze White cliffs of Dover are foraminiferan tests Kingdom Protozoa

Phylum Radiozoa (Cercozoa) Defining characteristics Body is divided into distinct zones separated by a perforated membrane or capsule Have pseudopodia supported with thin microtubules that give a spiny rayed appearance Kingdom Protozoa

Radiolarians Have shells made of silicon dioxide that can be very intricate Feed on diatoms and other phytoplankton Most species are planktonic Benthic individuals move by use of pseudopodia Can occur in large concentrations that form ooze as well Kingdom Protozoa

The Flagellated Protozoans Characterized by the possession of a definite body shape and the possession of one or more flagella Most species are free-living and mobile Noctiluca Kingdom Protozoa

Phytoflagellated Protozoans Have chlorophyll and obtain energy directly from the sunlight Some are strictly autotrophic or heterotrophic Some are a combination of both Both the Euglena and the dinoflagellates are examples of phytoflagellated protozoans Kingdom Protozoa