 What Problems Cause Distress and Impair Functioning?  What Problems Cause Distress and Impair Functioning?  Why do People Behave in Unusual Ways?  Why do People Behave in Unusual Ways?  How do we Help People Behave in More Adaptive Ways?  How do we Help People Behave in More Adaptive Ways?

What Conditions Are NECESSARY, SUFFICIENT, AND CONTRIBUTORY in the Etiology, Maintenance, and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior? What Conditions Are NECESSARY, SUFFICIENT, AND CONTRIBUTORY in the Etiology, Maintenance, and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior?

Etiology Treatment Targets Treatment Outcome Processes

 Hypothesis a ___________________________ a ___________________________  Research design a method to test hypotheses a method to test hypotheses Independent variable- ______________________________ Independent variable- ______________________________ Dependent variable- ______________________________ Dependent variable- ______________________________  Hypothesis a ___________________________ a ___________________________  Research design a method to test hypotheses a method to test hypotheses Independent variable- ______________________________ Independent variable- ______________________________ Dependent variable- ______________________________ Dependent variable- ______________________________

 Internal validity – can results of study be attributed to the independent variable(s)?  External validity – can results be applied to real world occurrences, or other studies?  Internal validity – can results of study be attributed to the independent variable(s)?  External validity – can results be applied to real world occurrences, or other studies?

 ETHICS –Protection of Subjects (IRB Boards) –Informed Consent Competence Voluntarism Full information Comprehension –Weigh Costs vs. Benefits  ETHICS –Protection of Subjects (IRB Boards) –Informed Consent Competence Voluntarism Full information Comprehension –Weigh Costs vs. Benefits

 ETHICS  VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS Internal Validity Control Groups Control Groups Randomization Randomization Analog Studies Analog Studies Control Groups Control Groups Randomization Randomization Analog Studies Analog Studies

 ETHICS  VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS Representative Representative Sampling Sampling Generalizability Generalizability External Validity

 ETHICS  VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS Internal Validity External Validity The Balancing Act

 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH –Clinical vs. Statistical Significance  SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH –Clinical vs. Statistical Significance  ETHICS  VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS l YES, we Have Statistical Significance! l YES, we Have Statistical Significance! BUT are the Results l BUT are the Results Clinically Meaningful? BUT are the Results l BUT are the Results Clinically Meaningful?

 Case Studies  Correlational Methods  Experimental Methods  Genetics  Research Over Time  Research Across Cultures  Combined Methods and Strategies  Case Studies  Correlational Methods  Experimental Methods  Genetics  Research Over Time  Research Across Cultures  Combined Methods and Strategies

Case Studies Case Studies  Extensive observation  Focus on the Individual  Highly Descriptive, Not Scientific  Useful to Generate Hypotheses  Sacrifice Internal Validity  Foundation for early developments  Freud  Extensive observation  Focus on the Individual  Highly Descriptive, Not Scientific  Useful to Generate Hypotheses  Sacrifice Internal Validity  Foundation for early developments  Freud

Case Studies  A tradition in medicine and psychology and psychology  Anna O.  Little Albert  Limitation- reactivity  A tradition in medicine and psychology and psychology  Anna O.  Little Albert  Limitation- reactivity

Correlational Methods  Index of association  Range: to  The nature of correlation  Statistical relationship  No manipulated independent variable  Correlation vs. causation

Correlational Methods  Positive Correlation  Negative Correlation

Correlational Methods  Zero Correlation

Experimental Methods IndependentVariableIndependentVariableDependentVariableDependentVariable MANIPULATIONMANIPULATIONCONTROLCONTROL INTERNAL VALIDITY

IndependentVariableIndependentVariableDependentVariableDependentVariable Experimental Methods  Clinical Contexts –Process and Outcome Research –Compare Therapies –Compare Therapies + Medications –Selection biases possible –Process and Outcome Research –Compare Therapies –Compare Therapies + Medications –Selection biases possible

Experimental Methods  Control groups  Matched control groups  Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.  Placebo control groups  Single-blind control  Double-blind control  Minimizes allegiance effects  Control groups  Matched control groups  Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.  Placebo control groups  Single-blind control  Double-blind control  Minimizes allegiance effects

Genetics and Research  Behavioral genetics  Interactions of genes, experience, and behavior  Phenotypes  Genotypes  Human genome project  Endophenotypes  Behavioral genetics  Interactions of genes, experience, and behavior  Phenotypes  Genotypes  Human genome project  Endophenotypes

Genetics and Research  Family studies  Proband  First- or second-degree relatives  Familial aggregation  Issue of shared environment  Family studies  Proband  First- or second-degree relatives  Familial aggregation  Issue of shared environment  Adoption studies  Sibling pairs separated after birth  Parcels out effects of environment  Observed frequency versus chance  Adoption studies  Sibling pairs separated after birth  Parcels out effects of environment  Observed frequency versus chance

Genetics and Research  Twin studies  Identical or monozygotic  Fraternal or dizygotic  Confounds:     Twin studies  Identical or monozygotic  Fraternal or dizygotic  Confounds:   

Genetics and Research  Genetic linkage studies  Localization of genes  Genetic markers  Confluence of disorders and genetic markers  Association studies  Markers in people with and without the disorder  Identifies polygenetic influences  Genetic linkage studies  Localization of genes  Genetic markers  Confluence of disorders and genetic markers  Association studies  Markers in people with and without the disorder  Identifies polygenetic influences

Genome Wide Association Studies: WebsiteWebsite

 Epidemiological Research Studying Behavior Over Time –Incidence and Prevalence of Disorders –Correlational (most of the time) –Helpful to Determine Etiology –Incidence and Prevalence of Disorders –Correlational (most of the time) –Helpful to Determine Etiology

Studying Behavior Over Time Studying Behavior Over Time Cross Sectional Designs –Correlational –Study Different Groups (Cohorts) –Retrospective information –PROBLEM: Cohort Effect –Correlational –Study Different Groups (Cohorts) –Retrospective information –PROBLEM: Cohort Effect

Studying Behavior Over Time Longitudinal Designs –Study Same Persons –Over Time –PROBLEMS: – – –Study Same Persons –Over Time –PROBLEMS: – –

Value of cross-cultural research –Overcoming ethnocentric views –Increases understanding of –Etiologies –Symptom presentations –Treatments –Definitions –Variance in presentation –Thresholds –Equivalence in outcomes –Overcoming ethnocentric views –Increases understanding of –Etiologies –Symptom presentations –Treatments –Definitions –Variance in presentation –Thresholds –Equivalence in outcomes Difficulties in cross-cultural research

 Integrative Program of Research –Theory and Hypothesis –Correlation and Epidemiology –Lab and Clinic Experiment –Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc. –SHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAIN –Theory and Hypothesis –Correlation and Epidemiology –Lab and Clinic Experiment –Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc. –SHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAIN