Part 2: mHealth and Infectious Disease Surveillance and Notifiability John Snow’s original 1854 Map of London Cholera Epidemic Smartphones provide date and time stamps and GPS coordinates. Smartphones are programmable two-way communication devices Joel Ehrenkranz MD Chief Medical Officer i-calQ LLC Salt Lake City, Utah USA

Snow’s Map Updated with Windows Geographic Cluster Analysis Smartphone Epidemiology mHealth represents the application of advances in electronics and computer science to health and medical care.

A Loa loa “App” for Full Quantification and Mapping 3 A snapshot of the assay will be taken with the camera of a smart phone. A reader “app” will quantify the data on the spot and simultaneously capture the GPS coordinates. The results and coordinates will be uploaded into a “Global Database” for real-time mapping and monitoring of loiasis. Biamonte M. and Baldwin R Personal Communication

Automated, Real Time Mapping of Disease Clusters

Nonstop and Connecting Flights to Munich in February, 2015 from Regions in which Malaria is Endemic.

mHealth Applications Can Automatically Upload Patient Data to an Electronic Medical Record and Automate Patient Follow-Up.

mHealth Can Monitor Population Health Over Time: Micronutrient Malnutrition

Year 2003 %IDD = Year 2004 %IDD = Year 2005 %IDD = Year 2006 %ID D = Year 2008 %IDD = Year 2009 %IDD = Year 2011 %ID D = 7.60 Year 2010 %IDD = Year 2012 %ID D = 8.66 Year 2013 %IDD = 7.78 Elimination of Iodine Deficiency in Thailand: Data and mapping supplied by Pongsant Srijantr: Thailand MOPH

Risks of Geographic Information Systems: Surrogate Marker Correlation Does Not Mean Causality. Measles epidemics in West Africa cause a significant proportion of vaccine-preventable childhood mortality. Epidemics are strongly seasonal, but the drivers of these fluctuations are poorly understood, which limits the predictability of outbreaks and the dynamic response to immunization. We show that measles seasonality can be explained by spatiotemporal changes in population density, which we measure by quantifying anthropogenic light from satellite imagery. We find that measles transmission and population density are highly correlated for three cities in Niger. With dynamic epidemic models, we demonstrate that measures of population density are essential for predicting epidemic progression at the city level and improving intervention strategies. In addition to epidemiological applications, the ability to measure fine-scale changes in population density has implications for public health, crisis management, and economic development.

Technology drives medicine: mHealth is the Future of Health Care 2011 Smartphones can integrate subjective, physiological, and diagnostic data in real time increase access to diagnostics and decision support provide knowledge-based disease management automate data recording and medical record keeping assist with patient compliance improve outcomes save money