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 Recap on last week  Cash and Profit  Benchmarking  Assessment 2

 Previous Session: ◦ Be able to calculate gross margins and net margins for an enterprise ◦ Know how to categorise receipts and expenditure for an enterprise  Enterprises  Costs (Variable, Fixed, Capital)  Depreciation  Receipts (Enterprise, Sundry, Capital)  Margins (Gross and Net)  Cash – Can you pay your bills?  Profit – Can you fund private drawings and business growth? 3

Cashflow Budget  Planning A forecast of money going into and out of a business over a specific period of time  Control Compare actual payments with expected 4

Layout of a Cash Flow Budget 5

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Overdraft not being repaid 7

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 Not reinvesting in the business or selling assets  Low drawings ◦ Off farm income reducing the need for drawings to fund family expenses  Borrowing money  Not paying bills 10

 An expanding business with increasing assets, but few sales  High withdrawals for family living  Repaying debt rapidly  Buying next year’s inputs from this years cash ◦ e.g. prepay on fertiliser  Increase in creditors ◦ have not been paid yet for product sold 11

 Vital to plan and review bank borrowing  A means of adjusting the timing of payments and income  Shows if it is feasible to continue or develop the farm business 12

 How financially viable is the farm business?  What information do you use to make management decisions?  Individual enterprise performance  BENCHMARKING is a tool to assess performance 13

CASHPROFIT ££ Sales+150,000Sales+150,000 Variable costs-75,000Variable costs-75,000 Business overheads-30,000Business overheads-30,000 Telephone bill-3,000Telephone bill (2/3rds to farm) -2,000 Machinery purchased (no loan) -50,000Depreciation (buildings & machinery) -15,000 Drawings & tax paid-20,000 CASH SURPLUS/ DEFICIT (after drawings & tax) -£28,000PROFIT£28,000 14

 Purpose of tax accounts - to calculate the farm business profit, which determines the amount of tax due  Purpose of management accounts – to measure efficiency of individual farm enterprises and whole farm  Neither tax or management accounts include VAT 15

“Helps farmers to assess their own business performance and compare their physical and financial results with other similar farms” 16

 Collect data  Analyse data  Compare your results  Identify reasons for variation  *Formulate action plan*  *Implement plan* 17

 Enterprise reports on Physical performance ◦ Look at individual enterprises  Enterprise reports on Financial performance ◦ Look at individual enterprise but can build to a whole farm report – based on profit not cash 18

 Output  Variable costs ◦ Costs associated with production that vary depending on scale  Gross margin – (Output – Variable costs) ◦ how efficient you are with raw materials needed for the enterprise ◦ e.g., feed, fertiliser, vet & med and other variable costs  Overhead Costs – costs that do not vary with scale ◦ looking at the whole business. What is needed after variable costs. The biggest variation between farms is the amount spent on overhead costs  Gross Margin – Overhead costs = Net Margin (Profit) 19

 Group Exercise – Enterprise specific  4 or 5 key performance indicators for ◦ Physical performance ◦ Financial Performance  Include some figures about what good performance might be 20

Physical performance is a measure of the quantity and quality of what you produce on your farm. These will differ between enterprises, e.g.: ◦ Average milk yield/cow ◦ Butterfat and Protein percentage ◦ Calving interval ◦ Average meal fed/cow ◦ Stocking rate/ha 21

 Financial performance is a measure of the costs of production in relation to the value of output.  Financial performance is broken down into output, variable costs, overhead costs and capital costs.  These will produce various performance indicators e.g.: ◦ Individual costs /cow ◦ Gross margin/cow ◦ Gross margin/ha ◦ Total overhead costs ◦ Overhead costs/cow ◦ Total cost of production/litre ◦ Margin over concentrate (MOC) 22

 Farmer records data throughout the year  Data Collector gathers data once per year  Data processed  Reports generated and delivered  Local adviser helps interpret report and plan for change 23

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Simplified Financial Report 25

Gross Margin 26

Net Margin  No family labour included 27

Simplified Physical Report 28 Dairy Cows Physical performance This year 2013/2014 Average all 2013/2014 STOCK and LAND Cow Number Stocking Rate (CE/ha) Total Farm Size Land Used for Dairy Cows Replacement Rate (%)4330 Culling Rate %2825 MILK Milk price (ppl sold * transport cost deducted) Annual Production/Cow (Litres)6,5187,334 Milk From Forage/Cow (Litres)6621,616 Milk From Forage/Hectare (Litres)1,2033,386 Milk Per Labour Unit (Litres)1,200,194692,183 ButterFat % Protein % Average SCC ('000/ml) Average Bactoscan ('000/ml)5433 CONCENTRATE FEED Meal Fed Per Cow (Kg)2,6352,573 Meal Fed Per Litre (Kg) Margin over Concentrate (£/cow)1,3481,724 Margin over Concentrate (ppl)

 Discuss the benchmark report  Compare to average figures  What are the positives?  What are the negatives?  What could be improved? 29

Assess your own current performance Allocate ALL production costs Gross margin is a good starting point Control overhead costs Identify strengths and weaknesses Feeds into whole farm management accounts Information for farm planning and decision making 30

 A process to help farmers assess their own business performance ◦ Physical performance ◦ Financial performance  Benchmarking will identify areas for improvement  No action, No benefit 31

Wheat Barley Cattle Existing land Total Farm Profit Gross margin 32

Less Gross margin Wheat Barley Cattle Existing land Overheads Profit Total Farm Gross Margin = 33

Wheat Barley Cattle Existing land ( 1 ) Total Farm Profit =Less Gross margin Overheads Profit 34

Wheat Barley Cattle Existing land ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Total Farm Profit =Less Gross margin Overheads Profit 35

Wheat Barley Cattle Existing land ( 1 ) ( 3 ) Total Farm Profit =Less Gross margin Overheads Profit ( 2 ) 36

+ = Wheat Barley Cattle Existing land Other income ( 1 ) ( 3 )( 4 ) Total Farm Profit Less Gross margin Overheads Profit ( 2 ) 37