ANIMALS and THEIR ECOLOGY I. Introduction A. General Characteristics

1. Heterotrophic 2. Multi-cellular 3. Tissue Level Organization 5. Able to move 4. Store glucose as Glycogen 6. Growth phases and Fixed size as an adult 7. Practice SEX

B. Adaptations

1. Skeleton 2. Specialized Proteins for Contraction 3. Nervous Tissue 5. Strategies for Ingestion 4. Specialized Mouth Parts

The main mechanisms for animal ingestion are suspension, substrate, fluid, and bulk feeders.

Strategies for bulk ingestion. Herbivore,, Carnivore, and Omnivore.

II. Adapting Systems A. Gas Exchange

1. Definition 2. Forces Moving O2 O2 into a body and CO 2 out of a body Concentration Gradient and Simple Diffusion

a. Direct 3. Strategies

b. Gillspassive

b. Gillsram vs. gulping

b. Gills

c. Tracheal direct vs. air sacs vs. tubular

c. Tracheal direct vs. air sacs vs. tubular

c. Tracheal direct vs. air sacs vs. tubular positive vs. negative

B. Temperature Regulation

1. Problems

1. Problems

2. Surface to Volume Ratio

2. Surface to Volume Ratio

3. Energy Budgets

4. Strategies (Ectotherm vs. Endotherm) a. PoikliothermyRegulate body temperature by external means Fish,

4. Strategies (Ectotherm vs. Endotherm) a. PoikliothermyRegulate body temperature by external means Amphibians,

4. Strategies (Ectotherm vs. Endotherm) a. PoikliothermyRegulate body temperature by external means Reptiles, and most invertebrates

b. HomeothermyRegulate body temperature by internal means Birds

b. HomeothermyRegulate body temperature by internal means Mammals

b. HomeothermyRegulate body temperature by internal means Mammals

c. HeterothermyRegulate body temperature by both methods Bats, Hummingbirds, and Bees

4. Solutions a. Shifting BloodDilate or Constrict& Counter Current

b. Behavior

c. MetabolismTorpor vs. Hibernation

C. Water Regulation

1. Sources a. Drinking & Eating

b. Metabolic

2. Losses a. Evaporative Coolingb. Functional Losses i. Respiratory Losses ii. Digestive Losses iii. Urinary Losses iv. Regulatory Losses

3. Prevention a. Outer Covering

b. Specialized Glands

c. Salt Balance & Life Style

c. Salt Balance & Life Style Tardigrada or Water bear

D. Waste Removal

1. Processes Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, & Excretion

2. Cost vs. H 2 O losses

3. Other Strategies a. Flame Cells Advantage vs. Disadvantage

b. Malpighian Tubes Advantage vs. Disadvantage

4. Other Systems a. Integumentary (skin) b. Digestive c. Respiratory

E. Rhythms

1. Types a. Circadianb. Light and Darkc. Reproductive 2. Why?

Life offers few multiple choice questions, choose wisely.