1. 1 Chapter 7 Animal adaptations to the Environments

2. 2 Challenges of terrestrial animals Temperature Moisture

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4. 4 Surface area-volume ratio

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6. 6 Adaptation to temperature

7. 7 Adaptations to temperatures

8. 8 Body Temperature Regulation Ectotherms –Rely mainly on external energy sources. Endotherms –Rely heavily on metabolic energy. Poikilotherms –Body temperature varies directly with environmental temperature. Homeotherms –maintain a relatively constant internal environment

9. 9 Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals

10. 10 Behavioral thermoregulation

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12. 12 Acclimatization: long-term temperature regulation

13. 13 Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals Thermal neutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change. –Breadth varies among endothermic species.

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18. 18 Countercurrent heat exchange

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22. 22 Surviving Extreme Temperatures Inactivity –Seek shelter during extreme periods. Reducing Metabolic Rate Hummingbirds enter a state of torpor when food is scarce and night temps are extreme. Hibernation - Winter Estivation – Summer Migration

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26. 26 Adaptation to water

27. 27 (II) Water Regulation on Land Terrestrial organisms face (2) major challenges: –Evaporative loss to environment. –Reduced access to replacement water.

28. 28 Water Regulation on Land W ia = W d + W f + W a - W e - W s W ia = Animal’s internal water W d = Drinking W f = Food W a = Absorbed by air W e = Evaporation W s = Secretion / Excretion

29. 29 Water Regulation on Land

30. 30 Water Acquisition Most terrestrial animals satisfy their water needs via eating and drinking. –Can also be gained via metabolism through oxidation of glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O –Metabolic water refers to the water released during cellular respiration.

31. 31 Water regulation of terrestrial animals

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35. 35 (III) Water Movement in Aquatic Environments If two environments differ in water or salt concentrations, substances will tend to move down their concentration gradients. –Diffusion Osmosis: Diffusion through a semipermeable membrane.

36. 36 (III) Water Movement in Aquatic Environment Isomotic: Body fluids and external fluid are at the same concentration. Hypoosmotic: Body fluids are at a higher concentration than the external environment. Hyperosmotic: Body fluids are at a lower concentration than the external environment.

37. 37 loss Gain loss

38. 38 (IV) Water and Salt Balance Water regulation of hyperosmotic animals

39. 39 Hypoosmotic animals

40. 40 Mitochondria-rich cell

41. 41 上課完畢，謝謝 !