33 CHAPTER Basic APPLICATION SOFTWARE

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-2 Lecture Objectives More Spreadsheet Features What if Analysis/ Goal Seek Types of data entry Cell Referencing Formula Entry Details Operators Precedence Rule / Parenthesis Rule

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-3 …Spreadsheet Program Features What-if Analysis in Spreadsheet Programs Spreadsheet allows you to change the values and see the overall effect on the results, instantly. Helps decision makers to check the effect of their decisions. Examples: In a sales business, Increasing staff will cost more salary but better sales. Manager wants to have a look on net revenue for a certain number of staff working.

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-4 Advanced What if Goal Seek Command Enables the user To set an end result of some formula and Determine the value of some formula variable (input) Example: Advanced Goal Seek (Solver Add-in): -Allows to work with more than one cell to change while doing goal seek -Allows to specify some constraints on changeable cells -Available through Tools | Add-ins -After the addin is added, use Tools | Solver

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-5 …Spreadsheet Program Features Data Entry in Spreadsheet Programs Numbers data values. Labels to name the data values. Formulas To calculate new values from existing ones. Capable of automatic recalculation in case of any related value change occurs. Functions Pre-built formulas can calculate results without specifying the exact calculations.

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-6 …Spreadsheet Program Features Data Entry Examples in Microsoft Excel

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-7 …Spreadsheet Program Features Referencing Cells in Spreadsheet Programs A name is given to every cell on the sheet. Why to use cell names? Essential for building automatically re-calculatable formulas. Also called a Cell Address. Cell names could be built by using Sheet Name Column Letter Row Number For example, a cell on Sheet1, in Column C & on Row 22 will be called Sheet1!C22 in Microsoft Excel & Sheet1:C22 in Quattro Pro.

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-8 FORMULA ENTRY DETAILS

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-9 …Spreadsheet Program Features Formula Entry Details in Spreadsheet Programs Formula needs operators to perform calculations. Operators used in Mathematical Computations (results in a value) Operators used in Logical Computations (results in TRUE/ FALSE)

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Types of Operators Operators are needed in a formula to perform computations. Mathematical Operators Performs mathematical computations Formula results in a number Example: =2+4 Logical Operators Performs Logical Tests. Formula results in either TRUE or FALSE. Example: =3<4 String Operator (&) Used to join text values. Cannot be used with numbers. Example: = “MIS” & “105”

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Operator Precedence Operator precedence rule is needed when multiple operators exist in any formula. Precedence Rule for Mathematical Operators Example: =2+2-2*2^2/2 Precedence Rule for Logical Operators Use of many operators in one formula doesn’t make any sense. Example: =2 4 (invalid use of operators) Result: 0 Lowest Highest

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Operator Precedence Precedence Rule for Mixed (Math + Logical) Formula Example: =2+2<3*2 Result: TRUE Lowest Highest

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Use of Parenthesis in Formulae Use of Parenthesis results in an imposed operator computation sequence regardless of their default precedence. Examples: 1.=(2+2-2)*2^(2/2) 2.=(3+2)*3 < 9 Cautions: Parenthesis should appear in complete pairs. =(3-6)*3) Invalid as an open parenthesis is missing. Every parenthesis set should contain a complete valid expression in it. =(3+)2*3 Invalid as first parenthesis set has an invalid expression. Result: FALSE Result: 4

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-14