Possible Detection of Neutrinos from a Solar Flare Jere Jenkins Ephraim Fischbach John Buncher Tom Gruenwald Tasneem Mohsinally Dennis Krause Josh Mattes John Newport

A New Test of Randomness

Data from: Alburger, et al., Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 78, (1986)

Data from Siegert, et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1397 (1998) Fig. 1

Data from Yoo, et al., Phys Rev 68, (2003)

Motivation for Purdue Experiments Correlation between BNL and PTB data Correlation of these data with 1/R 2 Earth- Sun distance

Sunspot 930 Source of Dec 06 Flares

(7.51±1.07) x 10 5 Events missing

Chen, Okutsu, and Longuski Arrival 5/25/2008 Launch 8/3/ Si 226 Ra

Chen, Okutsu, and Longuski

32 Si 226 Ra

Potential Missions for Experiment Monitor decay rate on Earth. –Precisely measure variations in decay rates between periapsis and apoapsis. Stable orbit around stable Lagrange points. –May have significant difference between apoapsis and periapsis. Mars Science Laboratory. –Radioisotope power system for generation of electricity from the heat of radioactive decay. Jupiter Polar Orbiter (Juno). –Map Jupiter's gravitational and magnetic fields. Europa Jupiter System Mission. –Likely to have radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) on board. Titan Saturn System Mission. –Likely presence of RTG onboard. Europa Astrobiology Lander. –Likely presence of RTG onboard. Solar Probe Plus –Spacecraft designed to plunge deep into the sun's atmosphere Heliophysical Explorers Solar Orbiters and Sentinels. –Multiple close approaches to the sun.

NASA’s Upcoming Missions Mars Science Laboratory Launch: September 2009 Can measure radiation produced by the interaction of space radiation with the Martian atmosphere and surface rocks and soils. Carries radioisotope power system to generate electricity from the heat of plutonium's radioactive decay. Juno Launch: August 2011 Will precisely map Jupiter's gravitational and magnetic fields to assess the distribution of mass in Jupiter's interior, including properties of the planet's structure and dynamics. Chen, Okutsu, and Longuski

Spatial Variation of the Fine Structure Constant  For alpha decay (e.g., 226 Ra  222 Rn + 4 He) From our 226 Ra data, This may be incompatible with existing WEP and 5th force constraints. References: D. J. Shaw, gr-qc/ ; J.D. Barrow and D. J. Shaw, arXiv:0806:4317; J.-P. Uzan, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 403 (2003)

Possible Mechanism

Beta decay formulae

Beta decay Formulae

Variation in Solar Neutrino Flux 1.For  -decay, where  is extremely sensitive to small shifts in E 0 2.Assume E 0  E 0 + , where  arises from solar neutrinos, then 3.Next, assume where 4.For an unpolarized sample,

Variation in Solar Neutrino Flux (cont’d) 5.Compare this to the change induced by This may be compatible with current limits on neutrino magnetic dipole moments.

Summary 1.BNL and PTB data indicate an annual modulation of 32 Si and 226 Ra decay rates strongly correlated with 1/R 2 2.Data taken during the 12-Dec 2006 solar flare on 54 Mn also showed a response of the decay rate to solar flux. 3.These data are consistent with a modulation of nuclear decay rates by solar neutrinos and, perhaps, by some other field. 4.Detailed mechanisms to account for these data can be tested in upcoming NASA Mars missions and the NASA Sentinels mission.

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Data from: Alburger, et al., Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 78, (1986)

Data from: Alburger, et al., Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 78, (1986) , And NASA,

Data from: Alburger, et al., Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 78, (1986) , And NASA,

Earth-Sun Distance as a Function of Time t = time in seconds t 0 =January 5, Perihelion each year

Correlation Between Flare and Decay Data Undecayed the 54 Mn data, and then normalized to the average. Each data point represents the subsequent 4 hour count (approximately 25 million events/4 hours live time) Plotted along with the x-ray data to show timing of the flare event

Data from Siegert, et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1397 (1998) Fig. 1 T 1/2 = ~1518 y

Data from Siegert, et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1397 (1998) Fig. 1

Data from: Alburger, et al., Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 78, (1986)

Data from Siegert, et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1397 (1998) Fig. 1

New Data Set with HPGe Detector Began a new 54 Mn measurement using a HPGe detector inside a heavy shield, starting Dec 2007 Using same 4 hour live time counting

Comparison of BNL Data to PTB Data Took averages of all measurements made during a calendar week for both data sets (similar to what was done by BNL group) Eliminated all data points that did not coincide (i.e. did not have associated measurement in the other set.) Performed standard correlation between the data sets.

StartStopTotal eventsslope (a)=σa=T1/2Significance PHARM /19/06 17:1010/26/06 16:181,125,533, E PHARM /26/06 20:3511/02/06 18:331,107,115, E PHARM /02/06 22:5011/10/06 16:041,087,799, E PHARM /10/06 20:2011/17/06 18:551,070,959, E PHARM /17/06 23:1111/24/06 21:361,055,144, E PHYS /2/06 16:4012/09/06 14:471,013,691, E PHYS /09/06 19:0212/16/06 17:00995,311, E PHYS /16/06 21:1512/23/06 19:05978,797, E PHYS /23/06 23:2012/30/06 20:59964,155, E

Un-decaying (flattening) Data Points For visual purposes, each data point is multiplied as which offsets the exponential decrease in the count rate, and highlights the effects of fluctuations. Note: This does not change the statistical significance of the results.

from Siegert, et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49, 1397 (1998) Fig. 1 Authors’ explanation for the apparent seasonal variations in the data from the 226 Ra counts.