Geographic Information Systems (GIS) History; Software Review; Data Capture Presented by Reza Wahadj University of California,San Diego (UCSD)

Today: 1.History of GIS and review of software 2.Data Collection 3.Concept of Projection 4.Using ArcMap (in detail) 5.Georeferencing (BIRN sample) 6.Using ArcCatalog (create shape file, create coverage, projection) 7.Using 3D Analyst & Spatial Analyst (create slope map, contour map) 8.Using ArcReader (sample) 9.Using ArcScene (sample) Tomorrow: 1.Geodatabase (Personal Geodatabase, ArcSDE) 2.Geoprocessing ArcMap, ArcINFO (Create hillshade) 3.ArcObjects programming model and demo 4.ArcToolbox (conversions, projections) 5.Anatomy of ArcIMS and internet mapping,services 6.MetaData Explorer

History of GIS DecadeMilestones for computer-based GIS 1960’s- Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed: national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS - Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis: pioneered software for spatial data handling - US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format - ESRI founded 1970’s- CGIS fully operational (and still operational today) - First Landsat satellite launched (USA) - CARIS founded - USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land resources databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format - ERDAS founded - ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)

History of GIS DecadeMilestones for computer-based GIS 1980’s- ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS) - GPS became operational - US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS) - MapInfo founded - First SPOT satellite launched (Europe) - IDRISI Project started (GIS program) - SPANS GIS produced - National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) established in USA - TIGER digital data

History of GIS DecadeMilestones for computer-based GIS 1990’s- MapInfo for Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others - ESRI produces ArcView and ARCGIS - $7+ billion industry

GIS Software The geoprocessing engines of GIS Major functions –Collect, store, mange, query, analyze and present Key terms –Program – collections of instructions to manipulate data –Package – integrated collection of programs –Component – self-contained, reusable software building blocks

User Interface Applications Geographic Tools Data Access Spatial Reference Vector Data Manager Raster Output Editing Analysis Customization Display Translation Functionality Architecture

Product Families AutodeskESRIIntergraphMapInfoSmallworld Viewer AutoCAD LT ArcReader GeoMedia ViewerProViewerCustom DesktopWorldArcViewGeoMediaMapInfo Professional Spatial Intelligence Profess- ional AutoCAD / Map ArcEditor ArcInfo GeoMedia ProMapInfo Professional Smallworld GIS Hand-heldOnSiteArcPadIntelliWhereMapXtendScout Database Server GIS Server ArcSDEUses Oracle Spatial SpatialWarePart of Smallworld GIS Component In several products Map Objects Part of GeoMediaMapX, MapJPart of Smallworld GIS InternetMapGuideArcIMSGeoMedia Web Map, GeoMedia Web Enterprise MapXtreme, MapXSite Smallworld Internet Applic- ation Server CADAutoCAD Map In several products Part of Smallworld GIS

Number of Users Cost Internet Viewer Component Hand-held Desktop Professional Functionality GIS Software Classification

GIS Market

ArcSDE Unifies Spatial Data Access ArcGIS Desktop Applications ArcGIS Desktop Applications ArcIMS, ArcExplorer, ArcPad ArcIMS, ArcExplorer, ArcPad MapObjects MapObjects Third-Party applications Third-Party applications SQL Server OracleInformix IBM DB2 ArcSDE Services

Enterprise GIS Organizations expect to... Leverage existing spatial data (eliminate silos) Integrate spatial data with core business data Incorporate spatial into workflow between departments (for a city…tax assessor, appraisal, DPW, police, fire, IT) Deploy IT standards to all their data Move client / server GIS apps to the web and wireless devices Benefit from scalability and security

First, Spatially Enable The Data… ArcSDE Data Is Independent of Application ArcIMSArcGIS SQL Server High Availability, High Performance, Secure, Scalable

Publisher Authors PMF Documents ArcReader A New Extension Publisher ArcMap Data MXD PMF

Distributed GIS Consume and expose Web services for: –Mapping –Metadata –Data sharing and distribution –Geoprocessing Provide standard services and components for web developer (.Net, “generic XML/SOAP”, or Java API’s)

GIS Internet Enterprise Today Web Server Databases Broker Browsers Web Applications

Future GIS Internet Enterprise Web Server Databases Broker Browsers Web Applications Services

Distributed GIS Development New Concept – g.net architecture –leveraging emerging web technologies Web services –GIS technology for applications over the web Mapping Metadata GIS Functionality –Spatial Data sharing and distribution Extends ArcGIS System concept –Desktop Applications –Back Office Servers –Distributed “Services” via the Internet

G.net Architecture Building Blocks GIS Portal Network architecture (Distributed) Loosely Coupled Internet Standards Many GeoServices Many Clients Metadata Servers Open / Interoperable Full GIS capabilities GIS Users GIS Portal Metadata Server Search Catalog and Find  Publish GIS Data & Services  Document in Catalog Connect and Use Checkout and Use World Wide Web Author, Manage, Serve Geographic Information Collections Author, Manage, Serve Catalogs

GIS Clients ESRI Direction “Software for G.Net” GIS Web Services ArcGIS Used to build Data Maps Models Applications Metadata ArcGIS Used to build Data Maps Models Applications Metadata ArcIMS Serve GIS Data Maps Apps ArcIMS Serve GIS Data Maps Apps ArcGIS Author and Manage Metadata Build Catalog ArcGIS Author and Manage Metadata Build Catalog Array of GIS Clients Access and use GIS data and services ArcReader Map Objects for Java ArcGIS Desktop & Extensions ArcPad Array of GIS Clients Access and use GIS data and services ArcReader Map Objects for Java ArcGIS Desktop & Extensions ArcPad ArcSDE Used to manage Data Metadata Transactions ArcSDE Used to manage Data Metadata Transactions ArcSDE Used to manage and distribute Metadata ArcSDE Used to manage and distribute Metadata ArcIMS Manage Metadata Provide Search Services ArcIMS Manage Metadata Provide Search Services Metadata & Catalog Services

Market Forces Are Driving Change Organizations are moving and consolidating spatial data into relational databases to improve interoperability Organizations are moving client/server mapping applications to the web and looking to web services for the future Organizations are integrating spatial data analysis and map visualization into key business applications to improve decision making and service delivery

Data Collection One of most expensive GIS activities Many diverse sources Two broad types of collection –Data capture (direct collection) –Data transfer

Data Collection Techniques RasterVector Primary Digital remote sensing images GPS measurements Digital aerial photographs Survey measurements Secondary Scanned mapsTopographic surveys DEMs from mapsToponymy data sets from atlases

Primary Data Capture Capture specifically for GIS use Raster – remote sensing –e.g. SPOT and IKONOS satellites and aerial photography –Passive and active sensors Resolution is key consideration –Spatial –Spectral –Temporal

Typical Reflectance Signatures

Vector Primary Data Capture Surveying –Locations of objects determines by angle and distance measurements from known locations –Uses expensive field equipment and crews –Most accurate method for large scale, small areas GPS –Collection of satellites used to fix locations on Earth’s surface –Differential GPS used to improve accuracy

Secondary Geographic Data Capture Data collected for other purposes can be converted for use in GIS Raster conversion –Scanning of maps, aerial photographs, documents, etc –Important scanning parameters are spatial and spectral (bit depth) resolution

Vector Secondary Data Capture Collection of vector objects from maps, photographs, plans, etc. Digitizing –Manual (table) –Heads-up and vectorization Photogrammetry – the science and technology of making measurements from photographs, etc. COGO – Coordinate Geometry

Data Transfer Many widely distributed sources of GI Key catalogs include –US NSDI Clearinghouse network –Geography Network Access technologies –Translation –Direct read

Federal Data Agencies USGS NOAA Census Bureau NIMA EPA many more...