World History Ch. 10 “Europe in the Middle Ages”

Section 1: Peasants, Trade & Cities

Daily Objectives 1. Discuss the new farming practices, the growth of trade, & the rise of cities that created a flourishing European society. 2. Explain how the revival of trade & the development of a money economy offered new opportunities for people.

I. The New Agriculture Population doubled Causes: Europe was more settled, stable & peaceful dramatic expansion in food production change in climate

The New Agriculture more land was cultivated as peasants cut down trees & drained swamps new technology, labor-saving devices Wind & water power

Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind Watermills use the power of running water to do work. The watermill was invented as early as the second century B.C. It was not used much in the Roman Empire because the Romans had many slaves and had no need to mechanize. In the High Middle Ages, watermills became easier to build as the use of metals became more common. In 1086, the survey of English land known as the Domesday Book listed about six thousand watermills in England.

The New Agriculture New devices made from iron Scythes, axes & hoes saws, hammers & nails *carruca, a heavy wheeled plow with an iron plowshare Turn over heavy clay soils

The New Agriculture *Two new inventions for the horse made it possible to plow faster 1. A new collar 2. The use of the horseshoe

The New Agriculture The shift from a 2-field to a 3- field system of crop rotation added to the increase in food production kept the soil from being exhausted so quickly, which allowed more crops to be grown

to avoid wearing out the soil three-field

II. The Manorial System *manor - an agricultural estate run by a lord & worked by peasants serfs - or peasants Serfs had to provide labor services, pay rents, & be subject to the lord’s control

II. The Manorial System By 800, 60% of the people in western Europe were serfs Serfs cultivated 1/3 to ½ for their lords, they worked the other half for themselves Serfs paid rent by giving the lords a share of every product

II. The Manorial System Serfs also paid the lords to use pasturelands, woodlands, streams, and ponds. Peasants also paid a tithe (a tenth of their produce) to the church Serfs could not leave the manor with the lord’s permission

II. The Manorial System Could not marry anyone outside the manor without the lord’s approval Serfs had to pay for certain services, such as having their grain ground into flour in the lord’s mill

II. The Manorial System Serfs were not slaves Land could not be taken away Duty of the lord to protect his serfs, giving them the safety they needed to grow crops

III. Daily Life of the Peasantry Simple life Two room homes, one for cooking & eating the other for sleeping A hearth in the main room was used for heating & cooking No windows or chimney

A. Cycle of Labor Seasons of the year largely determined peasant activities Harvest time in August & Sept. Oct. worked the ground for farming Nov. the slaughter

A. Cycle of Labor Feb. & March the land was plowed for the planting of spring crops Early summer was a fairly relaxed time Also worked the lords land Feast days, or holidays

A. Cycle of Labor A total of more than 50 days were essentially holidays Village church, play a crucial part of manorial life Women worked the fields and bore children

B. Food & Drink Basic staple was bread Contained wheat, rye but also barley, millet and oats Vegetables, cheese from cow’s or goat’s milk, nuts, berries, fruits; apples, pears, & cherries Eggs, & meat only on feast days

B. Food & Drink Pure source of water was not easy to find Grains for making ale Wine for the upper class, ale was the drink of the poor 3 gallons of ale a day

This medieval manuscript page shows a London scene Somersaulting was done for entertainment and leisure in medieval London

IV. The Revival of Trade Associated growth of towns & cities Italian cities took the lead Venice, with close ties to the Byzantine Empire Developed a merchant fleet

IV. The Revival of Trade Flanders near present-day Belgium & northern France Known for its much desired, high-quality woolen cloth Location made it ideal for the traders of northern Europe

IV. The Revival of Trade Trade fairs brought fur, woolen cloth, tin, hemp & honey Exchanged for cloth, swords, silks, sugar & spices As trade increased, demand for gold & silver coins arose

The Revival of Trade *money economy - an economic system based on money, rather than barter *commercial capitalism - an economic system in which people invested in trade & goods in order to make profits

V. The Growth of Cities Revival of trade led to a revival of cities

A. Cities Old & New Merchants began to settle in the old Roman cities followed by craftspeople & artisans goods could be sold by the merchants

Cities Old & New New cities in towns especially in northern Europe merchants built settlement near a castle for protection *merchants & artisans of these cities later came to be called bourgeoisie

Cities Old & New 1200’s London - England’s largest city Italian cities of Venice, Florence & Milan

B. City Government Towns depended on the surrounding manors towns were often part of the territory belonging to a lord & were subject to his authority Townspeople needed freedom to trade

City Government Lords & kings were willing to sell the townspeople their liberties right to buy & sell property freedom from military service freedom of the townspeople right for an escaped serf to become a free person

City Government People gained these basic liberties towns began to govern themselves Developed their own governments for running the affairs of the community

City Government Only males born in the city, who lived there some time were citizens Elections were carefully rigged to make sure that only *patricians - members of the wealthiest & most powerful families were elected

VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City Cities had narrow, winding streets Houses were crowded Danger of fire was great Cities were dirty & smelled from animal & human waste Air pollution from coal

VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City Unable to stop water pollution Butchers dumped blood, tanners unloaded tannic acids, dried blood, fat, hair and other waste products into the water Public baths

VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City Women expected to supervise the household, prepare meals, raise the children & manage the family’s finances Help husband in their trades Some became brewers, weavers & hat makers

VII. Industry & Guilds Cities & towns became important centers for manufacturing cloth, metalwork's, shoes & leather goods craftspeople organized into *guilds -or business associations

VII. Industry & Guilds Tanners, carpenters & bakers Specialized groups such as dealers in silk, spices, wool or money (banking) set standards for quality methods of production fixed prices

VII. Industry & Guilds Apprentice, a person who wanted to learn a trade were not paid After 7 years they became a journeymen & worked for wages for other masters

Industry & Guilds masterpiece - a finished piece This piece allowed a master craftspeople of the guild to judge whether a journeymen was qualified to become a master & join a guild

Section 2: Christianity & Medieval Civilization

Daily Objectives 1. Summarize the dominant role of the Catholic Church in the lives of people during the High Middle Ages. 2. Describe the strong leadership of the popes, which made the Catholic Church a forceful presence in medieval society.

I. The Papal Monarchy Popes claimed supremacy over the affairs of the Church Papal states territories in central Italy Popes involved in political matters, at the expense of spiritual ones

I. The Papal Monarchy Bishops & abbots came to hold offices as grants from nobles Often cared little about spiritual duties

A. Reform of the Papacy Church leaders needed to be free of interference from lords in the appointment of church officials Secular, or lay rulers (nobles) usually both chose nominees to church offices & gave them the symbols of their office, a practice known as *lay investiture

A. Reform of the Papacy Pope Gregory VII decided to fight this practice Said, the pope was God’s “vicar on earth” & that the pope’s authority extended over all the Christian world, including its rulers

A. Reform of the Papacy Gregory meant the right of the Church to appoint clergy and run its own affairs Rulers did not accept this Gregory found himself in conflict with Henry IV, the king of Germany over this issue

A. Reform of the Papacy *The struggle between Pope Gregory VII & Henry IV is known as the lay investiture Controversy *Concordat of Worms settled the dispute

B. The Church Supreme Pope Innocent III continued with Pope Gregory’s VII reforms to strengthen papal power *interdict a decree by the pope that forbade priests to give the sacraments of the church to the people (pg. 325)

B. The Church Supreme *Sacraments, Christian rites (baptism, marriage & Eucharist (Communion) Interdiction deprived the people of the comforts of religion

II. New Religious Orders

A. A New Activism Cistercians new order of monks Strict Ate simple diet, each had one robe All decorations were eliminated More time for pray & manual labor

A. A New Activism Cistercians took their religion to the people outside the monastery

B. Women in Religious Orders *Hildegard of Bingen, German nun Important composer of Gregorian chant

C. The Franciscans & the Dominicans Franciscans founded by*Saint Francis of Assisi Abandon all worldly goods & materials & to live & preach in poverty, working & begging for food Became very popular

C. The Franciscans & the Dominicans Dominicans founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman Wanted to defend Church teachings from heresy, the denial of basic church doctrines Heretics people who deny church doctrines

D. The Inquisition Method used to discover & deal with heretics was called the *Inquisition, a court established by the Catholic Church in 1232 to discover & try heretics; also called the Holy Office (pg. 326)

D. The Inquisition Those did not confess voluntarily were tortured until they confessed In the minds of the church, they used force to save souls from damnation

III. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages Veneration of saints became popular Jesus Christ’s apostles Saint Nicholas, Santa Claus Virgin Mary

Saints

III. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages *Relics, bones or other objects connected with saints; considered worthy of worship by the faithful (pg. 328) Pilgrimage to a holy shrine Visit the Holy city of Jerusalem

1. Mayor, Justice of the Peace; 2. local government, private institutions; 3. vocational schools, apprenticeship; 4. printers, publishers