Charles Babbage Born in London on Dec.26 th in 1791 Born in London on Dec.26 th in 1791 Died on Oct.18th 1871 Died on Oct.18th 1871 English mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer English mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer Considered as “Father of Computer ” Considered as “Father of Computer ”

Early Years Suffered from many childhood illnesses, which forced his family to send him to a clergy operated school for special care Suffered from many childhood illnesses, which forced his family to send him to a clergy operated school for special care Married with Georgiana Whitmore in 1814, at the same year, he graduated from Cambridge University Married with Georgiana Whitmore in 1814, at the same year, he graduated from Cambridge University

Family Background Father: Benjamin Babbage, banking partner of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth Mother: Betsy Plumleigh Teape Wife: Georgiana Whitmore Babbage had 8 children, but only 3 survived to adulthood Benjamin Herschel, Georgiana Whitmore, and Henry Prevost Babbage died "of renal inadequacy, secondary to cystitis"

Education Babbage is from a rich family, so his father’s money allowed him to to receive instruction from several schools and tutors during the course of his elementary education Babbage is from a rich family, so his father’s money allowed him to to receive instruction from several schools and tutors during the course of his elementary education Was sent to a country school in Alphington near Exeter to recover from a life-threatening fever Was sent to a country school in Alphington near Exeter to recover from a life-threatening fever For a short time he attended King Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes, South Devon, but his health forced him back to private tutors for a time For a short time he attended King Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes, South Devon, but his health forced him back to private tutors for a time Joined a 30-student Holmwood academy, in Baker Street, Enfield, Middlesex under Reverend Stephen Freeman Joined a 30-student Holmwood academy, in Baker Street, Enfield, Middlesex under Reverend Stephen Freeman studied with two more private tutors after leaving the academy studied with two more private tutors after leaving the academy Of the first, a clergyman near Cambridge, Babbage said, "I fear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have done." The second was an Oxford tutor from whom Babbage learned enough of the Classics to be accepted to Cambridge Of the first, a clergyman near Cambridge, Babbage said, "I fear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have done." The second was an Oxford tutor from whom Babbage learned enough of the Classics to be accepted to Cambridge

Babbage's machines were among the first mechanical computers, although they were not actually completed, largely because of funding problems and personality issues. Babbage's machines were among the first mechanical computers, although they were not actually completed, largely because of funding problems and personality issues. He directed the building of some steam-powered machines that achieved some success, suggesting that calculations could be mechanised He directed the building of some steam-powered machines that achieved some success, suggesting that calculations could be mechanised their basic architecture was very similar to a modern computer. their basic architecture was very similar to a modern computer.

Analytical Engine Between 1833 and 1842, Babbage tried again; this time, he tried to build a machine that would be programmable to do any kind of calculation, not just ones relating to polynomial equations. This was the Analytical Engine. The design was based on Joseph Marie Jacquard's sewing loom, which used punched cards to determine how a sewing design would be carried out. Babbage adapted this design so that it would create mathematical actions instead. The Analytical Engine had input devices based on punched cards, as per Jacquard's design, an arithmetic processor that calculated numbers, a control unit that determined that the correct task was carried out, an output mechanism and a memory where numbers could be stored whilst waiting their turn to be processed. It was this device that was the world's first computer.

Difference engine He presented a model of what he called a Difference Engine to the Royal Astronomical Society on June 14, 1822 in a paper entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables."[1] ( and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Babbage.html) Its purpose was to tabulate polynomials using a numerical method called the differences method. The Society approved the idea, and this in turn enabled him to get a grant of £1500 by the British Government in Construction started on this machine, but it was not completed. Two things went wrong. One was that the internal friction and gearing available at the time were not good enough for the models to be completed — vibrations were a constant problem. The other was that he kept changing his mind about the design of the machine. An additional possible issue was disputes with the mechanic(s) hired to do the machining work. By 1833, £17000 had been spent with no satisfactory result.

Computing Later Years In 1855, a Swedish father and son, Georg and Edvard Schuetz, successfully built a Difference Engine. It had been based on a 1834 design by Babbage. Babbage was amongst those who inspected it and gave a positive opinion. In 1859, the British Government purchased one of these for use in the Registrar General's Office. The purchase had no effect on the refusals to build an analytical engine. In 1855, a Swedish father and son, Georg and Edvard Schuetz, successfully built a Difference Engine. It had been based on a 1834 design by Babbage. Babbage was amongst those who inspected it and gave a positive opinion. In 1859, the British Government purchased one of these for use in the Registrar General's Office. The purchase had no effect on the refusals to build an analytical engine. Partly through Babbage's efforts at gearmaking for these machines, the British had superior machinery for the next few decades, and this contributed to the superiority of the British navy in the first world war. Partly through Babbage's efforts at gearmaking for these machines, the British had superior machinery for the next few decades, and this contributed to the superiority of the British navy in the first world war.

Promotion of Analytical Calculus Babbage is remembered for other accomplishments as well. The promotion of analytical calculus is perhaps the foremost amongst them. In 1812, Babbage helped found the Analytical Society. The aim of this society, led by student George Woodhouse, was to promote Leibnizian, or analytical, calculus over the newtonian-style calculus then in use throughout the British Isles. Newton's calculus was clumsy, and was in use more for political reasons than practical. The Society included Sir John Herschel and George Peacock amongst its members.

Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge from 1828 to 1839 contributed largely to several scientific periodicals was instrumental in founding the Astronomical Society in 1820 and the Statistical Society in 1834 During the later years of his life he resided in London, devoting himself to the construction of machines capable of performing arithmetical and even algebraic calculations also achieved notable results in cryptography

Contributions A Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives (1826) Table of Logarithms of the Natural Numbers from 1 to 108, 000 (1827) Reflections on the Decline of Science in England (1830) On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832) Ninth Bridgewater Treatise (1837) Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (1864)

Famouse Quote "The whole of the developments and operations of analysis are now capable of being executed by machinery.... As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of science." "The whole of the developments and operations of analysis are now capable of being executed by machinery.... As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of science."

Publications Babbage, Charles (1826). A Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives. London: J. Mawman. ge.A Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives ge Babbage, Charles (1830). Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes. London: B. Fellowes. bage.Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes bage Babbage, Charles (1835). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (4 ed.). London: Charles Knight. bage.On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures bage Babbage, Charles (1837). The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, a Fragment. London: John Murray. age. (reissued by Cambridge University Press 2009, ISBN )The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, a Fragment ageCambridge University PressISBN Babbage, Charles (1841). Table of the Logarithms of the Natural Numbers from 1 to London: William Clowes and Sons. bage.Table of the Logarithms of the Natural Numbers from 1 to bage Babbage, Charles (1851). The Exposition of London: John Murray. bage.The Exposition of bage Babbage, Charles (1864). Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. London: Longman. bage.Passages from the Life of a Philosopher bage Babbage, Charles. Science and Reform. Selected Works of Charles Babbage; edited by Anthony Hyman; Cambridge University Press

Honors and Awards Elected Fellow of the Royal Society First gold medal of the Astronomical Society of London

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