EE80S.F07.Sustainability1

2 Calculate the Sustainability of Photovoltaics vs. Natural Gas (cont.) How much improvement in photovoltaics is possible in the near term and in long term? Can our actions today in the use of photovoltaics affect future developments/discoveries in the field?

EE80S.F07.Sustainability3 Prediction of future technologies Microelectronics 1,000, ,000 10,000 1, Billion Transistors i386 i486 Pentium ® K Pentium ® II ’75’80’85’90’95’00’05’10 Pentium ® III Pentium ® 4 ’15

EE80S.F07.Sustainability4 Prediction of future technologies Airplanes

Sustainability: Global Production, Consumption & Waste

EE80S.F07.Sustainability6 Step in processFactory farmingFarmer’s marketRural pickup Raising chicken Energy Water Drugs Food Waste disposal Processing chicken Energy Water Waste Shipping/travel(250 mi. RT truck)(5 mile RT)(20 mile RT) Gasoline/diesel Cooling en route Total Energy Water Household energy use 1 gallon equivalent Restaurant energy use 1 gallon Retail energy use 1 gallon Pre consumer Transport varies Note: All quantities should be estimated in pounds & gallons Processing & Packaging varies Transport to Processor 1 gallon Growing Farm energy varies Growing Farm Supplies varies

EE80S.F07.Sustainability7 What is “sustainability?”

EE80S.F07.Sustainability8

9 List some elements of sustainability

EE80S.F07.Sustainability10 Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and the future needs. (Brundtland Commission, 1987).

EE80S.F07.Sustainability11 Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 These efforts will also promote the integration of the three components of sustainable development--economic development, social development and environmental Protection--as interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars. Poverty eradication, changing unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development are overarching objectives of, and essential requirements for, sustainable development.

EE80S.F07.Sustainability12 “Key Sustainability Principles” (Carew & Mitchell, 2001) Ethical principles –Fairness: equity, justice, access, includion –Responsibility: assessment, evaluation, fairness –Awareness: understanding, critical thinking Interdependence principles –Systems thinking: interrelationship of parts –Uncertainty & complexity: variation & change –Impacts: effects & distribution of actions –Limits & elasticity: finiteness, diversity

EE80S.F07.Sustainability13

EE80S.F07.Sustainability14 Must inputs must balance outputs? This is difficult to accomplish

EE80S.F07.Sustainability15 Critical questions “Balance” over what period of time? “Balance over what space? Does distribution matter to sustainability? Are all plants and animals to be protected? Can substitutes replace depleted resources? What if we must consume more now in order to consume less in the future? Can economic growth be sustainable? Must the rich transfer goods to the poor?

EE80S.F07.Sustainability16 Consider the basic functioning of human groups Why do we form social groups? What do these groups offer? What must they do to survive? What kinds of activities support this? What kinds of actions undermine this? Can we sketch out the process?

EE80S.F07.Sustainability17 Survival & society Production of essential needs Reproduction of social practices Consumption for sustenance Wastes Dump ‘em Recycle ‘em

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EE80S.F07.Sustainability19 NorwayUSAGermanyPortugalMexico Philip- pines Cambo- dia Electricity (kwh/cap) 23,83012,9776,6053,5321, Paper used MT/1000 people Hazardous waste ( ) 500,000213,620,0009,100,000-- Daily supply of fat/cap (grams) Comparative consumption

EE80S.F07.Sustainability20 Subsistence: Mexico Social: Portugal Luxury: United States GNP per capita (1997)$3,700$11,010$29,080 Municipal waste pcnot available350 kg720 kg Energy use pc (oil equiv.) 1,525 kg1,928 kg8,051 kg GDP output/kg oil equiv. $2.10$5.60$3.40 CO 2 emissions pc (1996) 3.7 metric tons4.7 metric tons 19.7 metric tons US ConsumptionLuxury levelSocial levelDifference GNP (1997)$8.26 trillion$3.13 trillion$5.13 trillion less Municipal waste205.4 billion kg.99.4 billion kg.105 billion kg. less Energy use (oil equiv.) 2,288 trillion kg. 548 billion kg.1.74 trillion kg. CO 2 emissions (1996)5.59 billion MT1.33 billion MT4.26 billion MT

EE80S.F07.Sustainability21 What is to be done? Technological Institutional Activism

EE80S.F07.Sustainability22 Who decides?

EE80S.F07.Sustainability23 How are decisions to be made?

EE80S.F07.Sustainability24 Who pays?