Naziism & Holocaust Eichmann in Jerusalem Obedience to Authority Stanford Prison Experiment Sanctioned Massacres.

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Presentation transcript:

Naziism & Holocaust Eichmann in Jerusalem Obedience to Authority Stanford Prison Experiment Sanctioned Massacres

Anti-Semitism Christian: Jews as killers of God agents of Satan / killers of babies money-lenders Nazi: communist conspiracy conspiracy of financiers biological race theory:parasites bacteria vermin

Psychology’s Response to Fascism Obedience -- Milgram & others Authoritarianism -- Adorno et al & others

Nazi-ism: Leader Principle & Prejudice Authoritarian Personality (T. Adorno et al) Obedience to Authority (S. Milgram) ? ? Eichmann

Eichmann in Jerusalem Anti-Semitic? Authoritarian? Personality change? Conscience? “Banality of Evil”?

Einsatzgruppen “Mobile Killing Units”

My Lai

MY LAI MASSACRE: MARCH 16, 1968

Lt. Calley “I was ordered by Capt. Medina to kill everybody.” Sentenced to life in prison (released in 1974)

Einsatzgruppen “Mobile Killing Units”

My Lai

MY LAI MASSACRE: MARCH 16, 1968

Lt. Calley “I was ordered by Capt. Medina to kill everybody.” Sentenced to life in prison (released in 1974)

Milgram Obedience Experiment Subject:plays “teacher” role Confederate:plays “learner” role Confederate:plays “experimenter” role

Milgram Obedience Experiment Series of experiments: Indep. variables: proximity of authority salience of victim group admin of shock Dep. Variable:shock level

Results from main variations

Factors increasing obedience: Authority of experimenter Proximity of experimenter Distance form victim Absence of dissenters Presence of other compliers Reduced role in giving shock Authority of institution

Stanford Prison Experiment Phil Zimbardo

Abu Gharaib

Zimbardo Prison Experiment Random assignment of prisoners & guards 5 released – “extreme emotional depression, crying, rage and acute anxiety” Ended after 6 days

Zimbardo Prison Experiment Guards found “sense of power was exhilarating” Prisoner responses: –Disbelief, confusion, disorientation –Rebellion –Isolation, self-interest, deprecation –Half became “sick”

Zimbardo: Prisoner Responses Loss of personal identity –“Deindividuation” Learned helplessness Emasculation  Power of role

Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment Impact of role(s) within authority system: –Undermining of old identity –Building of new identity

Sanctioned Massacres Crimes of Obedience Herb Kelman V. Lee Hamilton

Sanctioned Massacres Kelman & Hamilton Authorization Routinization De-individuation of actor De-humanization of victims

Sanctioned Massacres Authorization: authority situation –relieves individual of moral responsibility –calls into play morality of loyalty & duty Routinization: role in organization –task becomes a job –violence broken into tasks –language of euphamisms

Sanctioned Massacres De-individuation of the actor –individual takes on identity of organization –de-emphasize personal characteristics De-humanization of the victims –victims given group identity –victims portrayed as non-human –Deprived of membership in common human group

Sanctioned Massacres Killers & torturers can be made Tearing-down & re-construction of identity –separation –“liminal” phase of instruction, rehearsal & testing –return in new status

Hugh Thompson