1. Examples of Famous Experiments What Can WE Learn from THEM ? Where Did They Get Their Research Question? ZimbardoAshMilgram

2. Examples – Famous Experiments Where Did They Get Their Research Question? Ash Research on Conformity HolocaustMilgram Research on Obedience To Authority HolocaustZimbardo Research on Social Roles Holocaust

6. Examples of Famous Experiments Zimbardo’s Experiment Zimbardo’s Experiment –Quasi Field Experiment –Examples - need for IRB Milgram’s Experiment Milgram’s Experiment –Single Shot – One Shot Design –Intervention – Post Test  X-----Y –Example – need for IRB Ash’s Experiment Ash’s Experiment –Classical Design –Pre-test -----Intervention-----Post-test  Y----X-----Y

7. Zimbardo’s Quasi Field Experiment Independent Variable Independent Variable Dependent Variable Dependent Variable

8. Zimbardo’s Quasi Field Experiment Independent Variable Independent Variable –Social Role - Position of Power Dependent Variable Dependent Variable –Behavior of Participants How does a person’s social role influence their behavior toward others??

9. Zimbardo Prisoners Dilemma  Guards and Prisonners in Prison Setting Sample Technique Sample Technique Convenience Sample Convenience Sample Recruited 75 volunteers Recruited 75 volunteers Selected most stable 21 Selected most stable 21 Random Assignment Random Assignment Divided into Guards and Prisoners (11 and 10) Divided into Guards and Prisoners (11 and 10) Data Collection Data Collection Quasi or Field Experiment Quasi or Field Experiment Put respondents in simulated prison situations Put respondents in simulated prison situations Turned Guards loose for two week Turned Guards loose for two week Observed interactions Observed interactions

10. Zimbardo Prisoners Dilemma  Guards and Prisoners in Prison Setting Results Results  1/3 Guards demanded degrading behavior  1/3 Guards were fair but tough  1/3 Guards were kind – but didn’t help with other guards  Initially Prisoner rebelled  Prisoners became demoralized  Experiment was ended in 6 days

11. Quasi Field Experiment Milgram’s Experiment Independent Variable Independent Variable –Concept – Authority Figure’s Power –Indicator – Presence of Authority Figure  Varied proximity to authority figure Dependent Variable Dependent Variable –Concept – Conformity to Authority –Indicator – Whether or not they would follow authority figure’s directions to shock others

14. These Two Experiments Are Also Famous for Another REASON Violation of Human Subjects Rights

15. IRB – Institutional Review Board Purpose  Protect the Right of Human Subjects When Research is Being Done  Protect VULNERABLE populations  Motivation  Holocaust

17. IRB – Institutional Review Board Purpose  Protect the Right of Human Subjects When Research is Being Done  Protect VULNERABLE populations  Motivation  Holocaust  Tuskegee Experiment

18. IRB – Institutional Review Board Requirements Established by Board Requirements Established by Board –Possible Benefits MUST Exceed Possible Harm  For respondents –Minimize Harm

19. IRB – Institutional Review Board Requirements Established by Board Requirements Established by Board –Cost/Benefits Analysis  Social Harm  Physical Harm  Psychological Harm

20. Examples of HARM Physical Harm Physical Harm –Tuskegee Experiment Psychological Harm (Emotional Trauma) Psychological Harm (Emotional Trauma) –Milgram Experiment –Zimbardo’s Experiment Social Harm (Reputation/Good Name) Social Harm (Reputation/Good Name) –Release Zimbardo’s Tape??

21. Asch’s Experiment Example of Classical Design Example of Classical Design –Most Common Type of Experiment –Has Experimental Group –Has Control Group

23. Classical Design Pretest Pretest –Concept – group conformity (Y) –Indicator – whether or not subject would report right line or go along with group Intervention Intervention –Concept – group pressure (X) –Indicator – confederates stating wrong line Post Test Post Test –Same as Pre-test (Y again) Used a Control Group Used a Control Group

24. Classical Experimental Design Two Stage Sample Two Stage Sample –Convenience –Random Assignment into Experimental/Control Experimental Procedure Experimental Procedure Pre-testInterventionPost-test Experimental GroupYXY Control GroupYY

25. Classical Experimental Design Type of Hypothesis Type of Hypothesis –Research Question should be stated as a “difference” hypothesis  How does the experimental group differ from the control group on second measurement of Y

26. Classical Experimental Design Major Advantage Major Advantage –Can Establish causal relationship  X and Y are related –There is a difference between the experimental and control groups –There is a relationship between score on second Y and group membership  X comes before Y in TIME –The difference in Y came after the introduction of X  There is no Z variable –Random assignment – groups are alike except for exposure to X

27. Classical Experimental Design CAUTION You have only established the impact of X on Y in a laboratory setting. You don’t know if X will have same impact on Y in the “real world”.

28. ANOTHER Modification of Experimental Design Solomon Four Group Design Advantages Does Pre-test have impact on Post-test? IF you take the SAT a second time, will having taken the test, impact score the second time? Disadvantages Takes more Time Takes more Money

29. Contact Information Dr. Carol Albrecht Dr. Carol Albrecht Assessment Specialist Assessment Specialist Utah State Extension Utah State Extension 979-777-2421 979-777-2421 Carol.albrecht@usu.edu Carol.albrecht@usu.edu