The Future of Wireless Sensor Networks Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center (Founder & CTO, Dust Networks)

Outline The Past What Went Wrong Technology Status Applications Technology Directions

Autonomous Microsensor Networks with Optical Communication Links PI: Kris Pister Source: Hughes (MICRO) Funding: $25k, $10k matching, 0% ovhd, Duration: 1 year Comments: Collaboration w/ Prof. Joe Kahn under separate MICRO BSAC IAB 1997

COTS Dust GOAL: Get our feet wet RESULT: Cheap, easy, off-the-shelf RF systems Fantastic interest in cheap, easy, RF: –Industry –Berkeley Wireless Research Center –Center for the Built Environment (IUCRC) –PC Enabled Toys (Intel) Fantastic RF problems Optical proof of concept BSAC IAB Spring 2000

Berkeley Demos – 2001 Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node vs. 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity

Cost of Sensor Networks Time $ Computing Power Sensors Installation, Connection and Commissioning Mesh Networking

Source: InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research Group 2003; InStat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets) Sensor Networks Take Off! $8.1B market for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007 Industry Analysts Take Off!

Low Data Rate WPAN Applications RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL CONSUMER ELECTRONICS TV VCR DVD/CD remote security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation PC & PERIPHERALS BUILDING AUTOMATION security HVAC AMR lighting control access control mouse keyboard joystick PERSONAL HEALTH CARE patient monitoring fitness monitoring INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt Zigbee 2003Zigbee 2006Zigbee Pro

Barriers to Adoption OnWorld, 2005

Dust Networks Founded July 2002 Focused on reliability, power consumption Developed TSMP –Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol –>99.9% reliability –Lowest power per delivered packet

50 motes, 7 hops 3 floors, 150,000sf >100,000 packets/day

Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200ft No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices >5 year life on C-cell GW 400m

Standards IEEE Wireless HART ISA SP100 Wireless HART booth at ISA Expo, Oct. 2006

The De-facto Standard Emerson Siemens Pepperl+ Fuchs ABB Endress+ Hauser Honeywell MACTek Phoenix Contact Smar Yokogawa Siemens Elpro 12 Manufacturers,1 Network – Dust Networks’ TSMP

Excerpts from Customer Presentations at the Emerson Process Users Conference October 2-5, 2006

Streetline Networks

Federspiel Controls HVAC System Retrofits Demonstrated Energy Savings: 3.7 kWh/sf/yr 0.34 therms/sf/yr Higher savings than conventional retrofits

Barriers to Adoption OnWorld, 2005 >99.9% Wireless HART, SP100 “It just worked” 5-10 years Complete networks

2.4 GHz Transceiver Front End Cook et al., ISSCC 2006 Active Area: 0.8mm 2 Zero external RF components

Radio Performance 200k Bit rate (bps)100k 300k I RX (mA) X cc1000 Molnar 04 (0.4mA) X cc2420 X Otis 05 (0.4mA) Cook 06 (300  W) X With software: 10 years  D cell With software: 10 years  coin cell

RF Time of Flight Ranging in a Coal Mine Tunnel 1 m Error 2 m Error Ideal Measured Data Steven Lanzisera

~2 mm^2 ASIC Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001) Goals: –Standard CMOS –Low power –Minmal external components uP SRAM Radio ADC Temp Amp inductor crystal battery antenna

UCB Hardware Results ~ chips fabbed in 0.25um CMOS –“Mote on a chip” worked, TX only –900 MHz transceiver worked Records set for low power CMOS –ADC, Mike Scott, M.S. 8 bits, 100kS/s –Microprocessor, Brett Warneke, PhD. 8 bits, 1MIP –900 MHz radio – Al Molnar M.S. 100kbps, “bits in, bits out” 20 m indoors 3V

~4 mm^2 ASIC Mote on a Chip, 2009 Goals: –Standard CMOS –Low power –Minimal external components uP SRAM Radio ADC Temp Amp inductor crystal battery antenna Security Location Time Zero

Conclusion 10 years later, a real market emerges Reliable, low power, standards-based technology is no more expensive than junk The lowest power radios in the world come from UCB/EECS/BSAC The best software and algorithms for WSN come from UCB/EECS/BSAC