Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 477 Terrorism Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali Religious Terrorism

State-Sponsored Religious Terrorism in the Modern Era National Case: Iran n Case in Point: Iranian Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah n Political relationship n Liberation of Jerusalem (Al Quds) n Hezbollah: southern Lebanon n Different religious groups: sunnis, shites, etc… n Case in Point: Iranian Support for Palestinian Islamists n Liberation of Palestinians and Palestinian organizations n Support from Iran. What type of support? n Fund for the Martyrs of Hamas

Regional Case: Pakistan & India n Case in Point: The War in Jammu & Kashmir n Human rights violations n Islamic fighters n Mujahideen n Case in Point: The Golden Temple Massacre (and Aftermath) n Sikhism: what is it? n Centered in the Indian state of Punjab n Golden Temple: in Amritsar, Punjab n Support from Inter-Services Intelligence

Dissident Religious Terrorism in the Modern Era Regional Case: Religious Zealotry in the Middle East n Sacred places: Jerusalem and the convergence of religions: Christianity, Islam and Judaism n The non-believers n Suicide bombers? It’s legitimacy n The Jews and Muslims in controversy Case in Point: The Grand Mosque Incident n Five pillars of Islam n 1979 during the Hajj, 300 radicals occupied the Grand Mosque in Mecca n U.S. and Israel blamed through Iranian media n Pakistanis attacking U.S. embassy killing 2 Americans Case in Point: The Hebron Mosque Massacre n February 25 th 1994 NY born physician Baruch Goldstein n Hamas attacked back in response with suicide bombers

Case in Point: The Rabin Assassination u 1995 Israeli Prime Minister assassinated by Yigal Amir u Jewish extremist acted out with the requirements of Halacha (Jewish code) u Demonology as a result of the act u Justification of killing at times of War Case in Point: Sectarian Violence in Iraq u The breakdown of different religious sects in Iraq u Religious celebrations: Ashura for example u Attack on non-Muslim cultural institutions u Power and allocation of resources u The ruling power

Movement Case: The International Mujahideen-Holy Warriors for the Faith n Mujahideen-Holy Warriors??? n Jihadi Ideology n Afghan Arabs n Fundamentalism n Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, U.S. occupation of Iraq, Israeli occupation of Gaza and the West bank n Sacrifice in defense of the faith n Organization Case: Al Qaeda’s Religious Foundation n Osama bin Laden n Loose network of like-minded Islamic revolutionaries n Whey they operate n Sectarian ideological point of view of bin Laden