Dr. Martin T. Auer MTU Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Air Quality and Pollution Control

Composition of “Pure” Air Nitrogen 78.0% Oxygen 20.1% Argon 0.9% Carbon dioxide 0.03% Neon 0.002% Helium 0.005%

Figure 11.6: Definition of particulate pollutants by size

Sulfur in Fossil Fuels H COO - CH 2 C NH 3 + SH cystine

Figure 11.10: Effect of carbon monoxide on health (After W. Agnew Proceedings of the Royal Society A307:153.)

Figure 11.12: Formation of photochemical smog during a sunny 24-hour period

Criteria Pollutant Standard Type Conc (µg∙m -3 ) Averaging Period Allowable Exceedance Carbon monoxide Primary and Secondary 10,000 40,000 8 hr 1 hr 1 per year LeadPrimary and Secondary 1.53 month average Nitrogen Dioxide Primary and Secondary 100annual mean OzonePrimary and Secondary 2101 hr1 per year PM 10 Primary and Secondary hour annual 1 day per year Sulfur Dioxide Primary (Sec) 365 (60) 80 (260) 24 hour annual HydrocarbonsPrimary and Secondary 1603 hr maximum National Ambient Air Quality Standards

National Nonattainment Areas (All Pollutants)

National Nonattainment Areas (Ozone)

National Nonattainment Areas (Sulfur Diozide)

Air Quality Index

Figure 11.2: Prevailing and dry adiabatic lapse rates

Acid Rain

Ozone Hole

Global Warming

Figure 11.6: Definition of particulate pollutants by size

Figure 12.2: Cyclone used for dust collection

Figure 12.3: Bag filter used for control of particulate air pollutants

Figure 12.4: Scrubber

Figure 12.5: Electrostatic precipitator used for control of particulate air pollutants

Figure 12.9: The effectiveness of various air pollution control devices depends on particle size.

Figure 12.16: Variability in auto emissions with changes in air-to-fuel ratio

Gaia Hypothesis The Gaia Hypothesis, formulated by James Lovelock in the mid-1960s, proposes that our planet functions as a single organism that maintains conditions necessary for its survival.