Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design

History of Drafting – the Renaissance –History has not documented the history of inventors and engineers, much less drafting, very well. –DaVinci’s drawings, more artistic than engineering- oriented, served as schematics for one-of-a- kind machines. No dimensions were included No interchangeable parts [Insert Figure 1.1]

History of Drafting – the 19 th Century The development of the micrometer in the late 1800s made interchangeability of parts achievable, though difficult. –Interchangeability forced inventors, engineers, and builders to produce accurate and dimensioned drawings. –Most designs were accomplished by Developing a pattern from a wood model produced from hand sketches

History of Drafting – the early 20 th Century Henry Ford –Famous “blackboards” were actually drafting tables –Would sketch cars and parts in 3D Patternmakers would construct full-size models in wood

History of Drafting - Schools 1824 –Philadelphia Founded to advance the general interests of mechanics and entrepreneurs by extending a knowledge of mechanical science. –Abandoned due to conflicts between classical learning experts and science & practical learning academics –Upstate New York Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded –Founded by Amos Eaton “for the purpose of instructing persons … in the application of science to the common purposes of life.”

History of Drafting - Schools 1862 –Morrill Act Federal government assistance Helped the emergence of more technical schools

Myth Debunked There is a common thought that “it” (the Great Pyramids, steam engine, and other mechanical marvels) all started with a drawing. –Cartoons, freehand sketches, and graphic models did exist, however, It is accurate to say that before most things were built, they were tested with a 3D model.

Drafting Technology Theoretical and practical occupational areas, including –Architecture –Engineering –Math and Physical Sciences –Social Sciences Support occupational areas

Definition Drafter –Translate data and sketches into detailed drawings Used in manufacturing and construction –Duties may include Interpreting directions Making sketches Preparing scaled drawings Specifying details

Definition Drafter –Translate data and sketches into detailed drawings Used in manufacturing and construction –Duties may include Interpreting directions Making sketches Preparing scaled drawings Specifying details Calculating stresses and strains Developing cost information –Use instruments, computers, and engineering theory and practice to generate and complete drawings.

Occupations Architectural Drafter –Draws architectural and structural features –Confirms code compliance –Plans architectural details [Insert Figure 1.3(a) here]

Occupations Landscape Drafter –Prepares detailed drawings from sketches provided by Landscape Architect Site plan Drainage plan Lighting plan Paving plan Irrigation plan –Generate models –Prepared presentation drawings [Insert Figure 1.4 here]

Occupations Electrical Drafter –Prepares electrical equipment working drawings and wiring diagrams Electronics Drafter –Drafts layout and detail drawings of racks, panels, and enclosures. –Conducts service and interference studies –Prepares maps and charts

Occupations Civil Drafter –Prepares detailed construction drawings, topographic profiles, and related maps and specifications for Highway construction River and harbor improvements Flood control Drainage [Insert Figure 1.7 here]

Occupations Structural Drafter –Draws plans and details for structures Wood Masonry Reinforced steel –Produces foundation and framing plans [Insert Figure 1.8 here]

Professional Organization ADDA –American Design Drafting Association Founded in 1948 Non-profit Dedicated to advancement of design and drafting Based in Tennessee Website –

Computers in Drafting and Design CAD –Computer-aided drafting CADD –Computer-aided design and drafting Parametric modeling Change geometries by changing dimensions and features

Computers in Drafting and Design VR –Virtual reality Demonstrates products or displays materials on the Web Walk-through –A camera in a program that simulates a person walking through a structure Fly-through –A camera in a program that simulates a helicopter flying about a structure Internet –Worldwide network of computers Intranet –Links computers within an organization

Computers in Drafting and Design Rapid Prototyping (RP) –Manufacturing process –Solid, physical part is made directly from a 3D model –No special tooling –Two types Stereolithography Fused deposition modeling

Computers in Drafting and Design Advantages of CADD –More accuracy –Greater efficiency –Allows for greater creativity and innovation –Produces accurate, legible, and uniform drawings –Enables companies to achieve more consistency in standards

CADD Standards NACFAM –National Council for Advanced Manufacturing –Provides publications for beginning CADD users –Website United States National CAD Standards –Created by CADD/GIS Center AIA CSI SMACNA GSA NIBS –Website

Becoming a Drafter Should be –Mechanically minded and able to visualize all types of entities –Willing to work in cross-functional teams –Detail-oriented –Committed to accurate work Training –Specialized Includes computer-aided drafting and design (CADD)

Becoming a Drafter Where to Train –Community and Junior Colleges –Technical Institutes –Vocational Schools

Opportunities Levels of drafting –Entry-level: close supervision –Intermediate-level: more complex responsibilities and less supervision Exercise more judgment Perform calculations –Supervisory-level: oversee other drafters –Designer-level: generate concepts

Opportunities Advancement opportunities are excellent –Based on Specific employer’s needs Location supply and demand Individual’s –Initiative –Ability –Product knowledge –Willingness to continue education »“Professional development”

Opportunities Drafting is an excellent stepping-stone to –Design –Engineering –Management

Searching for a Drafting Position Internet College or University Placement Office Personal network of friends, relatives, employers, and teachers

Successfully Seeking Employment Get your resume in order –Must be a quality and professional representation of you Write an application or cover letter Prepare a portfolio –Tailor to needs of prospective employer

Copyrights, Patents, and Trademarks Copyright –Legal rights given to authors of “original works of authorship” –Exists from time the work is created in fixed form Patent –Grant of property right to the inventor –Invention must have useful purpose and operate –Term: 20 years from date of application Trademark –Word, phrase, symbol, design, or combination thereof that distinguishes a good or service of one party from a good or service from another party

Summary Drafting started as sketching and evolved when interchangeable parts became the norm in manufacturing. Drafters are employed in many types of industries and companies and can become supervisors and designers with experience and added education. Computers have made drafting more accurate, more efficient, and more consistent.