Spatial Reference Networks in California Kenneth W. Hudnut U. S. Geological Survey This presentation will probably involve audience discussion, which will create action items. Use PowerPoint to keep track of these action items during your presentation In Slide Show, click on the right mouse button Select “Meeting Minder” Select the “Action Items” tab Type in action items as they come up Click OK to dismiss this box This will automatically create an Action Item slide at the end of your presentation with your points entered. Spatial Reference Systems Seminar U. C. Riverside - Oct. 26, 2000

Continuous GPS & strainmeters Best tools ever devised for highly accurate, automated, constant monitoring of crustal strain for –long baselines –absolute ref. frame –displacement field –very high precision SCIGN & other PBO elements require sub- millimeter velocities on the plate boundary scale in order to answer the scientific questions

Existing Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS): GPS Networks in North America International GPS Service (IGS) So. Calif. Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) Bay Area Regional Deformation (BARD) Basin and Range GPS Network (BARGEN) Pacific Northwest GPS Array (PANGA) Contin. Operating Reference Stations (CORS) SuomiNet, FSL, INEGI, WCDA, etc.

Faults & Earthquakes San Andreas fault zone –North American and Pacific plate relative motions of 56 mm/yr in a right-lateral sense Eastern California shear zone –Accomodation of right- lateral motion inboard of Sierra Nevada block –Estimated rates of some mm/yr (geological & space geodetic) –Easier to go through than the Big Bend?

Plate tectonic motions As the Farallon plate subducted, the San Andreas fault was born In the past 5 million years, this motion has been steady at about 5 cm/yr (that’s 50 km per million years!) movie by Tanya Atwater, UCSB

regional active faults

California relative plate motions for the past 20 million years movie by Tanya Atwater, UCSB

SCEC crustal motion map  Combined EDM, VLBI, survey- mode and continuous GPS rigorously  Released as a SCEC product  Set the bar very high for the SCIGN project

The major objectives of the SCIGN array are: * T o provide regional coverage for estimating earthquake potential throughout Southern California  T o identify active blind thrust faults and test models of compressional tectonics in the Los Angeles region  T o measure local variations in strain rate that might reveal the mechanical properties of earthquake faults  I n the event of an earthquake, to measure permanent crustal deformation not detectable by seismographs, as well as the response of major faults to the regional change in strain

SCIGN project installation status

SCIGN station installation Each of 5 legs is drilled to 10 meters Lowermost 6 meters is anchored to earth by concrete grout Uppermost 4 meters is isolated from soil by foam Stainless for longevity movie by John Galetzka, USGS

Hector Mine (M w 7.1) Photo by Paul ‘Kip’ Otis-Diehl, USMC, 29 Palms Helicopter support by OES and National Guard

Hector Mine eq.: modelled displacement field

InSAR results ESA data rapidly available from good repeat of recent pass JPL, Scripps and Caltech investigators quickly made results available on WWW Gilles Peltzer, JPL

Post-seismic deployment GPS for precise absolute position changes GPS data from these instruments will also show us afterslip and other post- seismic phenomena

Short-braced rod monuments Good bedrock is needed Drill to one meter depth Epoxy rods in place Weld rods together movie by John Galetzka, USGS

Post-seismic deformation Stations near the earthquake fault continue to move after the earthquake –Less than 20 mm motion recorded, so we required extremely high precision data –Too much motion to be explained by aftershocks –Requires a deep source in the lower crust –Large scale relaxation phenomenon –May explain fault interaction between large earthquakes

GPS & telemetry/networking Market for GPS boards is driven by Moore’s law (like PC’s) toward faster/better/cheaper, miniaturization, etc. Spread spectrum radio and satellite telemetry leading to high bandwidth IP field networking (e.g., TDMA) Allows higher sampling rates and more affordable real-time telemetry

Land Surveying and GIS New methods such as RTK require higher sampling rate base station data in real- time This is necessary for all work at accuracies of a few tens of centimeters or better Approximate georeferencing for GIS applications such as fleet management of inventorying can be met by non- differential GPS (SA is off now) or C/A code differential

Assess damage to infrastructure Were tilts or strains large enough to damage systems? (from regional measurements) Did damage occur to critical structures or systems? (from site- specific monitoring)

Structure monitoring Pacoima dam GPS monitoring since Sept with LA County GPS data can indicate damage to engineered structures such as overpasses and tall buildings

New methods: high-resolution topographic mapping and digital photography Laser scanning using an airborne platform requires high sampling-rate GPS data during flight to control aircraft position and attitude SCIGN stations were operated at 1 and 2 sample per second rates via the radio network

New initiatives EarthScope - NSF –Plate Boundary Observatory Proposed USGS budget initiative –add-on partly in response to a new FEMA report State of California Governor’s initiative California Spatial Reference Center –A non-profit organization to support spatial information infrastructure in California –Will seek to sustain the infrastructure built with earthquake research funding

The Plate Boundary Observatory PBO’s GPS sites could provide spatial reference infrastructure throughout the Western U. S. A., as well as in Canada and Mexico

The San Andreas fault zone ‘focus array’ of PBO Geodetic networks for earthquake monitoring can provide the GPS infrastructure network that is also needed for Land Surveying and GIS applications

For More Information: Ken Hudnut (626)