Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Greening Business: An online teaching resource Session 5 Session 5: Utilities management – energy and water

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. How to use the teaching slides These slides are not intended to form a complete lecture on the session topic. These resources are designed to suggest a framework to help tutors develop their own lecture material The resource slides comprise where appropriate; key points, case studies, images, references and further resources and suggested class activities. There are limited case studies included. Students can develop their own portfolio of case studies as part of coursework activities These resources may be used for educational purposes only, for other uses please contact the author at:

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Session outline 1.Managing energy in organisations (energy conservation and energy efficiency, renewable energy) 2.Managing water in organisations (water conservation, alternative water resources) We can’t get away from energy and our need to generate electricity, but we can try and reduce our consumption of it. (Photo: Electricity infrastructure associated with the Loch Sloy power station, Zoe Robinson) “The greenest energy you use is the energy you don’t use”

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Energy

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Why save energy? Reduce energy bills. Energy costs are rapidly rising and volatile Government energy incentives e.g. reduce taxes (Climate change levy) Company image – include statistics in Corporate Social Responsibility reporting Generate a higher percentage of own energy Reduce GHG, conserve fossil fuel resources and limit environmental impacts of further mining of resources In Iceland the majority of hot water comes from geothermal sources. At this campsite in Iceland energy conservation is being encouraged (Source: Zoe Robinson) See Activity 1

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Energy efficiency regulations Several different regulations to encourage energy efficiency e.g. Energy Performance of Buildings Directive - Display Energy Certificates (DECs) and Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) Part L Building Regulations (2006) (energy efficiency) - new build and alterations to encompass energy efficiency Climate Change Levy Carbon Reduction Commitment (see Session 2 for more details) A display energy certificate on display. But is the building really energy efficient? (Source: Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. How is energy used by organisations An audit of an organisation’s energy use will highlight the areas of greatest energy use allowing targeting of energy conservation strategies Energy use in a typical office (Source: Reay, 2006) Energy conservation strategies 1)Building design 2)Energy saving appliances 3)Occupant behaviour

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Energy conservation : Building design LightingLighting: design to maximise natural light, installation of ‘sunpipes’ VentilationVentilation: design in natural ventilation systems reduces need for air conditioning HeatingHeating: without insulation a large amount of heat is wasted. Rapid payback times on installing insulation. (Embodied energy/purchasing considerations see Session 8) This building has been designed to maximise passive solar heating and use of natural light, Centre for Alternative Technology (Source: Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Energy conservation : Appliances and software Many appliances available to help reduce energy use from electrical appliances e.g. ‘Ecobutton’ – a retrofit power saving device which monitors saving and calculates CO 2 savings ‘Intelliplug’ – automatically switches equipment off when not in use. Software to automatically switch appliance off Energy saving defaults on equipment e.g. duplex printing, automatic shut-down etc. Consider energy efficiency specifications as part of purchasing policies The ‘Ecobutton’ can encourage behavioural change (Source: Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Energy conservation strategies: Occupant behaviour Individual behaviour can have a big impact on energy use, for example the use of space heating, and switching off of appliances and lights How best influence occupant behaviour? Strategies can be:  Enforced (e.g. automatic lights)  Suggested (e.g. ‘turn off the lights’ stickers)  Subtle (e.g. display of company energy bill) Automated light controls can prevent lights being left on when unnecessary (Source: Zoe Robinson) See Activity 2

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Energy conservation: The role of monitoring Detailed monitoring of energy use allows:  Changes in billing, e.g. each department pays its own electricity bill  Different aspects of an organisation’s operations can be monitored allowing targeting of strategies  Effectiveness of strategies can be measured (and communicated) Detailed monitoring of energy use allows targeting of strategies for example heating or appliance efficiency? (Source: Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Energy from renewable sources Renewable/’Green’ energy – power derived from non fossil fuel sources An organisation can 1)purchase energy from renewable sources and/or 2)generate their own Renewable energy sources currently make up about 2% of the electricity generated in the UK. Energy tariffs are available to allow companies to purchase electricity generated by renewable sources (Photo: Loch Sloy power station, Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Types of renewable energy There are many different renewable energy sources including solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass/biofuels, tidal and wave Each type of renewable energy source has its advantages and disadvantages Technologies for different renewable sources are at different stages of development See Activity 3 Installing photovoltaic cells on a new building, Centre for Alternative Technology (Source: Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Generating your own energy The choice of the best type of renewable energy source is location specific Many different energy sources can be utilised The payback time depends on energy prices, available grants, technology adopted etc. Payback includes financial and carbon (energy) payback Lots of advice and grants available for businesses e.g. Envirowise, Carbon Trust etc. Wind power demonstration at the Centre for Alternative Technology (Source: Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Generating your own energy: Solar Two main types of solar technology Solar thermal – to generate hot water Photovoltaic – to generate electricity Case study: Keele University  A pilot trial of solar thermal in halls of residence for pre- heating water has suggested 30% savings in gas consumption and a payback time of 6 years An example of a solar thermal installation, Centre for Alternative Technology (Source: Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Generating your own energy: Biomass Case study: Treyone Woodcraft – manufacturer of kitchens Generate 36 tonnes of wood offcut waste Installed wood burning stove to provide heating, and installed a briquette maker and shredder  Reduced waste bill by £4350/yr  Reduced energy bill  Able to sell surplus briquettes  Shortlisted in Carbon Sustainability Awards – profile raising Because trees sequester CO 2 from the atmosphere they are ‘carbon neutral’ when burnt and used for fuel (Source: Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Examples of energy criteria to investigate in an environmental review  Energy efficient appliances  Low energy lighting and controls  Efficient heating, cooling and hot water systems  Insulation and ventilation  Low embodied energy building  Renewable energy and district heating  Electricity supplier Innovative uses of renewable energy will be picked up in an environmental audit, Centre for Alternative Technology (Source: Zoe Robison) See Activity 4

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Water

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Why save water? To help sustain water resources To reduce water bills To reduce energy and chemicals used in the treatment of water An additional advantage: Rainwater capture and storage reduces storm water runoff and flooding potential Water can be an energy source and needs conserving in its own right - saving money, energy and resources. (Photo: Skogafoss, SE Iceland, Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Strategies to save water? Reduce water use Reduce mains leaks on the organisation’s property Use alternative sources and reduce use of treated water Harvesting of rainwater from guttering can be relative simple, Centre for Alternative Technology (Source: Zoe Robinson)

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Harvesting rainwater Harvested rainwater can be used in a business wherever non-potable sources are suitable for example: Toilet flushing Vehicle washes Roof area (m 2 ) Rain fall (mm/yr) Annual yield (m 3 ) of rainwater harvested according to roof size and rainfall. This assumes a 60% recovery of the rainfall received (Source: Environment Agency, 2008) See Activity 5

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Examples of water criteria to investigate in an environmental review  Water efficient showers, taps, toilets  Water efficiency of appliances such as washing machines  Water efficiency of processes  Harvesting of rain water  Use of grey water  Cleaning products Push button taps can help reduce water use in an organisation (Source: Zoe Robinson) See Activity 6

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Further reading and references Environment Agency (2008) Reusing greywater and harvesting rainwater. Available at: agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/drought/ aspxhttp:// agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/drought/ aspx Rainharvesting Systems.

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Activity 1: Energy savings Your organisation has decreased its grid electricity use from 13,043,000 kWh in 2003 to 12,987,000 kWh in 2008 over 5 years. 1)At an average cost of £0.10 p/kWh what are the financial savings in 2008 compared to 2003? 2)1 kWh grid electricity = kg CO 2 What are the CO 2 savings in 2008 compared to 2003?

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Activity 1: Energy savings (Answers) Your organisation has decreased its grid electricity use from 13,043,000 kWh in 2003 to 12,987,000 kWh in 2008 over 5 years. 1)At an average cost of £0.10 p/kWh what are the financial savings in 2008 compared to 2003? 13,043, ,987,000 = 56,000 kWh saving 56,000 kWh x £0.10 = £5,600 2) 1 kWh grid electricity = kg CO 2 What are the CO 2 savings in 2008 compared to 2003? 56,000 kWh x kg = 30,072 kg (30 t) CO 2

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Activity 2: Energy awareness campaign You are heading up a student-led energy awareness campaign at your institution In groups, outline how you will encourage staff and students to reduce their energy through your campaign

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Activity 3: Generating your own energy In groups, research a type of renewable energy source choosing from the following: –Solar (thermal and photovoltaic) –Wind –Hydro –Biomass –Geothermal 1)Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the renewable energy source 2)What is the potential for this energy source at the institution at which you are studying? 3)As a class, compare and contrast your findings of different renewable energy sources and their applications

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Activity 4: Energy audit In groups, carry out an energy audit or baseline environmental review of the building in which you work/study List five strategies that can be put in place to improve the energy criteria in the building What are the approximate costs and payback periods of these measures?

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Activity 5: Rainwater harvesting case studies Look at a range of case studies at: _studs/cs_studs_lst1.html _studs/cs_studs_lst1.html Make a table summarising the use, annual rainfall, roof area, rainwater collection yield, capital cost Calculate the annual savings (based on water rates of: £1.4 per m 3 ) How long will the financial payback time of the system be?

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Activity 5: Rainwater harvesting (Answers) Use of water Use l/day Annual rainfall (mm) Roof area (m 2 ) Collection yield (m 3 ) Capital cost (£) Savings per year (£1.4/m 3 ) Financial payback period (yr) SW Ecohomes, residential project 2 WCs and garden tap S’hampton Uni21Wcs, 3 urinals Adnams brewery WCs, vehicle wash NyA visitor centre WCs & urinals RSPB edu centre WCs NB: 1000 l = 1 m 3; Assumption of all collection yield being used What factors control the financial payback period?

Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, Greening Business: An online teaching resouurce. Activity 6: Water audit In groups, carry out a water audit or baseline environmental review of the building in which you work/study List five strategies that can be put in place to improve the water criteria in the building What are the approximate costs and payback periods of these measures?