Dr. Martin T. Auer MTU Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Surface Water Quality

water supply wastewater discharge recreation Surface Water Quality Management

Add Clark In A Watershed Everyone Lives Downstream

water supply wastewater discharge recreation Surface Water Quality Management

Temperature and the Density of Water Density (g∙cm 3 ) Temperature (°C) Maximum Density 3.94 °C

Thermal Stratification spring summer Temperature (°C)

Thermal Stratification

Seasonality in Stratification and Mixing  = °C

Dollar Bay - Temperature Depth (m) Temperature (°C) Depth (m) M A M J J A S O N D

You are what you eat. For example, there’s this lake …

… and there’s that lake.

Oligotrophic Low in algae High transparency Cold water fishery Eutrophic High in algae Low transparency Warm water fishery Trophic State

The Limiting Nutrient Concept The Supplies The Product

The Divided Lake

Productivity and Oxygen

Trophic State and Oxygen Profiles Oligotrophic Lake Eutrophic Lake Temperature (°C)

Dollar Bay - Temperature Temperature (°C) Depth (m) M A M J J A S O N D

Dollar Bay – Dissolved Oxygen Depth (m) Dissolved Oxygen (mg∙L -1 ) M A M J J A S O N D

Onondaga Lake – Dissolved Oxygen

Oneida Lake – Dissolved Oxygen

Lake Erie – Dissolved Oxygen

Gulf of Mexico – Dissolved Oxygen

Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism Aerobic (oxygen available) Anaerobic (oxygen not available)

Oligotrophic Low in nutrients, TP<10 Low in algae Oxygen at saturation High transparency Cold water fishery Deep lakes with steep sides and infertile, often rocky watersheds. Eutrophic High in nutrients, TP>20 High in algae Oxygen (+, epi), (-, hyp) Low transparency Warm water fishery Shallow lakes with gently sloping sides and cultivated, fertile watersheds.

Natural Eutrophication

Cultural Eutrophication

Lakes: Loss of Beneficial Use Nutrients – aesthetics, recreation, drinking water Microorganisms – recreation, drinking water Toxics – wildlife, drinking water heavy metals: cadmium, lead, mercury synthetic organic chemicals: DDT, PCB, dioxin

Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 1.Lake Protection Point source control (advanced waste treatment) Nonpoint source control

Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 1.Lake Protection Point source control Nonpoint source control (land use management)

Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 2. Diversion Onondaga Lake Seneca River METRO

Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 3. Hypolimnetic Aeration Support Raft Gas Vent Support Cables Contact Chamber Air Line & Diffuser Ballast

Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 4. Sediment Inactivation

Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 5. Dredging

Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 6. Algicides

Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 7. Biomanipulation

River Water Quality

Add Clark In A Watershed Everyone Lives Downstream

Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD exerted, y BOD remaining, L

Dissolved Oxygen Saturation and Deficit

Change in oxygen concentration = inputs from reaeration – losses to deoxygenation Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curve

Stream Zones and Biota

Organism Diversity and Abundance