NSF Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars Consortium Description Science Technology Education and Training Community Budget and Challenges Infrastructure Improvements and Plans Overview:

Description What is CRRL? A university-based lidar consortium with applications to middle and upper atmosphere research. Often a centerpiece instrument, the lidar technique provides the most comprehensive measurement of range-resolved, neutral gas properties in the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere. Products: The Na Wind/Temperature lidars have reached a level of robust and reliable operation whose measurements and scientific contributions make them an essential community asset. TemperatureWind

CRRL Director & Steering Committee University of Colorado PI: Jeff Thayer Collaborator: Jonathan Friedman, Arecibo Observatory Who is CRRL? NWRA Colorado Research Associates PI: Dave Fritts Co-I: Biff Williams CoRA UIUC University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign PI: Gary Swenson Co-I: Alan Liu CU - CTC University of Colorado PI: Xinzhao Chu Co-I: Wentao Huang CSU Colorado State University PI: Chiao-Yao (Joe) She Co-Is: David Krueger and Titus Yuan Five CRRL PIs Richard Collins John Plane Rolando Garcia

Sites Where is CRRL? Andoya, Norway Cerro Pachon CSU CU UIUC CRRL Tech Center Site: Boulder, Colorado Location: 40°N, 105°W Elevation: 1655 m CSU Lidar Site: Fort Collins, Colorado Location: 41°N, 105°W Elevation: 1570 m CoRA Lidar Site: Andoya, Norway Location: 69°N, 16°E Elevation: 380 m UIUC Lidar Site (2008): Urbana, Illinois Location: 40°N, 88°W Elevation: 225 m Site (2009): Cerro Pachón, Chile Location: 30°S, 70°W, Elevation 2715 m

Science Technology Community Education Motivation CRRL: The Four Guiding Lights

Science Technology Science Leadership Science Driver Science CRRL: Science Elements CRRL Science Productivity

Science Leadership: Expertise in mesosphere and lower thermosphere neutral physics, dynamics and chemistry: non-linear wave dynamics, wave momentum fluxes, wind and thermal structure, metal chemistry, polar mesospheric clouds, climate trends… Science Productivity: 45 articles published in Applied Optics, JGR, GRL, JASTP, etc… in past two years Science Technology: Technology developments have led to science advancements in other fields Science Driver: Na W/T lidar is a centerpiece instrument attracting science campaigns, spacecraft validation, and model verification - Rocket campaigns at SOR, White Sands, and Andoya - Leonid meteor shower campaign at Starfire Optical Range (SOR) - Multi-instrument collaboration at Maui-MALT, ALOMAR and Cerro Pachon, Chile - CSU diurnal-cycle studies with TIME-GCM, HAMMONIA, and TIMED SABER Elements CRRL: Science

CSU Na lidar full-diurnal cycle observations of temperature, zonal and meridional wind from 2002 to 2006 allowed derivation of mean-state climatologies as well as diurnal and semi- diurnal tidal perturbations. Mean-state climatologies and semidiurnal tidal-period perturbations compared well to global circulation models and improved parameterizations of gravity wave sources and spectra. Science Mean-State and Tidal Temperature and Wind Climatologies Highlights Science Yuan, T., C.-Y. She, D. A. Krueger, F. Sassi, R. Garcia, R. Roble, H.-L. Liu, and H. Schmidt, Climatology of mesopause region temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind over Fort Collins, CO (41ºN, 105ºW), and comparison with model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03105, doi: /2007JD008697, Yuan, T., H. Schimdt, C. Y. She, D. A. Krueger, and S. Reising, Seasonal variations of semidiurnal tidal perturbations in mesopause region temperature, zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105.1°W), J. Geophys. Res., doi: /2007JD009687, in press, references

Momentum Flux Studies of Gravity Wave-Tidal Interactions Over 300 hours of nighttime three-beam observations allowed determination of gravity wave zonal momentum flux, simultaneous with full-diurnal cycle temperature as well as zonal and meridional wind, to determine mean state and tidal-period perturbations. Vertical profiles of momentum flux enabled analysis of gravity-wave tidal interactions. Highlights Science Acott, P., Mesospheric momentum flux studies over Fort Collins, CO (41° N, 105° W), Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, in preparation, reference Momentum flux on Dec. 9, 2006 derived from night-time coplanar zonal wind observations performed by the CRRL-CSU Na lidar Science

Solar Cycle Effects and Long-Term Trends in Temperature 18 years of nighttime mesopause-region temperatures have been observed by the CRRL-CSU Na lidar in Fort Collins, CO. In order to analyze solar-cycle effects and long-term trends, one solar cycle of data is required; two solar cycles are preferred. After taking Mount Pinatubo warming into account, temperature trends on the order of ~1 K per decade were deduced, in general agreement with global climate models. Global coverage of long-term data is essential to understand the solar cycle response and long-term trends. TIMED/SABER data has provided a good start. Highlights Science

Large Amplitude Gravity Waves Highlights Science references Large amplitude GWs (>50 K in temperature amplitude) are observed. These events have a large impact on the environment. Lidar provides full measurements of dynamic and thermodynamic quantities of such events, allowing detailed study of their characteristics. Li, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., Taylor, M. J., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Investigation of a “wall” wave event. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04104, doi: /2006JD Lidar observations at Maui on Aug 12, 2004 show a rapid temperature and horizontal wind change from 90 to 95 km altitude between 6 and 10 UT. There was also a rapid increase in Na density during this period.

Science Seasonal Variation of Gravity Wave Activity Highlights Science references GW activity shows strong annual and semiannual variation. They are strongest in winter, and weakest at the equinoxes. GW dynamics are closely related to atmospheric stability. Convective instability is most likely in winter while dynamic instability is most likely in summer. Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi: /2005JD Total wind variance as function of season and altitude at SOR. Total temperature variance as a function of season and altitude at SOR

Science Estimate of Eddy Diffusion from Gravity Wave Fluxes Highlights Science references Eddy diffusion coefficients can be estimated by applying linear GW saturation theory to the measured GW parameters and their vertical fluxes of momentum and heat Estimated eddy diffusion coefficients showed strong seasonal and altitude variation. This seasonal variation was found to be necessary for the realistic thermospheric modeling of Qian et al. Liu, A. Z. (2008). Vertical Fluxes of Gravity Waves and Their Implications for Gravity Wave Parameterization. Paper presented at the 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Montreal, Canada. Eddy kinetic diffusion coefficient as a function of month and altitude. Eddy thermal diffusion coefficient as a function of month and altitude.

Science Rocket and Lidar Campaigns at ALOMAR Highlights Science Dual-beam,day/night temperature, wind, and Na density coordinated with rockets and other collocated lidars Gravity wave/tide interaction and momentum flux gradients, instabilities, and wave breaking Rockets and Lidar Momentum Flux

Science Multi-Lidar Thermal Structure: Latitude and Season Highlights Science Temperature versus latitude plot for an entire year based on observations from the three CRRL sodium lidars at four locations, plus the Arecibo and IAP potassium lidars Seven sites:1.Spitzbergen (78  N), IAP, day/night 2. ALOMAR (69  N), CoRA, day/night 3.Kuhlungsborn (54  N), IAP, day/night 4.Fort Collins (41  N), CSU, day/night 5.Starfire (35  N), UIUC, night 6.Maui (21  N), UIUC, night 7.Arecibo (19  N), night

Published 2006 She, C. Y., B. P. Williams, P. Hoffmann, R. Latteck, G. Baumgarten, J. D. Vance, J. Fiedler, P. Acott, D. C. Fritts, F.-J. Lübken, Simultaneous observation of sodium atoms, NLC and PMSE in the summer mesopause region above ALOMAR, Norway (69N, 12E), J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, , doi: /j.jastp , Williams, B. P., J. D. Vance, C.-Y. She, D. C. Fritts, T. Abe, and E. Thrane, Sodium lidar measurements of waves and instabilities near the mesopause during the Delta rocket campaign, Earth, Planets, and Space, 58, , Williams, B. P., D. C. Fritts, C. Y. She, and R. A. Goldberg, Gravity wave propagation through a large semidiurnal tide and instabilities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the winter 2003 MaCWAVE rocket campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 24, SRef-ID: /ag/ , Williams, B. P., C. Croskey, C. Y. She, J. D. Mitchell, and R. A. Goldberg, Sporadic sodium and sporadic-E layers observed during the summer 2002 MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, Annales Geophysicae, SRef-ID: /ag/ , (PDF) Nielsen, K., M. J. Taylor, P.-D. Pautet, N. Mitchell, C. Beldon, W. Singer, D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, F. J. Schmidlin, and R. A. Goldberg, Propagation and Ducting of Short-Period Gravity Waves at High Latitudes during the MaCWAVE Winter Campaign, Annales Geophysicae, , SRef-ID: /ag/ , CRRL: Publications

Published 2006 Chu, X., P. Espy, G. Nott, J. Diettrich, and C. S. Gardner, Polar mesospheric clouds observed by an iron Boltzmann lidar at Rothera (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Antarctica from : properties and implications, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D20213, doi: /2006JD007086, Diettrich, J. C., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, X. Chu, and D. Riggin, Statistics of sporadic iron layer and relation to atmospheric dynamics, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 68, , Goldberg, R. A., Fritts, D. C., Schmidlin, F. J., Williams, B. P., Croskey, C. L., Mitchell, J. D., Friedrich, M., III, J. M. R., Blum, U., and Fricke, K. H., The MaCWAVE program to study gravity wave influences on the polar mesosphere, Annales Geophysicae, SRef-ID: /ag/ , Wang L., D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, R. A. Goldberg, F. J. Schmidlin, U. Blum, Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere during the MaCWAVE Winter Campaign: Evidence of Mountain Wave Critical Level Encounters, Ann. Geophys., , SRef-ID: /ag/ , Vance, J. D., C. Y. She, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, Q. Wu, An all-solid-state transportable narrowband sodium lidar for mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind measurements, 23rd International Laser Radar Conference Proceedings (refereed), D. S. Davis, P. Hickson, G. Herriot, and C. -Y. She, "Temporal variability of the telluric sodium layer," Opt. Lett., 31, , CRRL: Publications

Yuan, T., C. Y. She, M. E. Hagan, T. Li, K. Arnold, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, P. E. Acott, J. D. Vance, and D. Krueger, Seasonal variations of diurnal tidal-period perturbations in mesopause region temperature zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6N, 105W), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06103, doi: /2004JD005486, Xu, J., A. K. Smith, R. L. Collins, and C.-Y. She, Signature of an overturning gravity wave in the mesospheric sodium layer: Comparison of a nonlinear photochemical-dynamical model and lidar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17301, doi: /2005JD006749, Xu, J., C. Y. She, W. Yuan, C. Mertens, M. Mlynczak, and J. Russell, Comparison between the temperature measurements by TIMED/SABER and lidar in the midlatitude, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A10S09, doi: /2005JA011439, Published 2007 Vargas, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., & Gobbi, D. (2007). O(1S), OH, and O2(b) airglow layer perturbations due to AGWs and their implied effects on the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14102, doi: /2006JD Li, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., Taylor, M. J., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Investigation of a "wall" wave event. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04104, doi: /2006JD She, C.-Y., and D. A. Krueger, Laser-Induced Fluorescence: Spectroscopy in the Sky, Optics & Photonic News (OPN), 18, 35-41, CRRL: Publications

Hecht, J. H., Liu, A. Z., Walterscheid, R. L., Franke, S. J., Rudy, R. J., Taylor, M. J. et al. (2007). Characteristics of short-period wavelike features near 87 km altitude from airglow and lidar observations over Maui. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16101, doi: /2006JD Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi: /2005JD Gumbel, J., Z. Y. Fan, T. Waldemarsson, J. Stegman, G. Witt, E. J. Llewellyn, C.-Y. She, and J. M. C. Plane (2007), Retrieval of global mesospheric sodium densities from the Odin satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04813, doi: /2006GL028687, She, C.-Y., J. D. Vance, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, and Q. Wu, A proposed all-solid-state transportable narrow-band sodium lidar for mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind measurements, Canadian Journal of Physics, 85, , Li, T., C.-Y. She, H.-L. Liu, and M. T. Montgomery, Evidence of a gravity wave breaking event and the estimation of the wave characteristics from sodium lidar observation over Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05815, doi: /2006GL028988, She, C. -Y.,,J. Yue, Z. -A. Yan, J. W. Hair, J. -J. Guo, S. -H. Wu, and Z. -S. Liu, "Direct-detection Doppler wind measurements with a Cabannes–Mie lidar: A. Comparison between iodine vapor filter and Fabry–Perot interferometer methods," Appl. Opt., 46, , She, C.-Y., J. Yue and Z.-A. Yan, J. W. Hair, J.-J. Guo, S.-H. Wu and Z.-S. Liu, Direct-detection Doppler wind measurements with a Cabannes-Mie lidar: B. Impact of aerosol variation on iodine vapor filter methods, Appl. Opt., 46, , CRRL: Publications

Shiokawa, K, Y. Otsuka, S. Suzuki, T. Katoh, Y. Katoh, M. Satoh, T., Ogawa1, H. Takahashi, D. Gobbi, T. Nakamura, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, M. Taguchi and T. Shimomai, Development of airglow temperature photometers with cooled-CCD detectors, Earth, Planets, and Space, 59, , Williams, B. P., J. Sherman, C. Y. She, and F. T. Berkey, Coincident extremely large sporadic sodium and sporadic E layers observed in the lower thermosphere over Colorado and Utah, Annales Geophysicae, 25, 3-8, Shiokawa, K., Y. Otsuka, S. Suzuki, T. Katoh, Y. Katoh, M. Satoh, T. Ogawa, H. Takahashi, D. Gobbi, T. Nakamura, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, M. Taguchi, and T. Shimomai, Development of airglow temperature photometers with cooled-CCD detectors, Earth, Planets, and Space, 59, , Liu, H.-L., T. Li, C.-Y. She, J. Oberheide, Q. Wu, M. E. Hagan, J. Xu, R. G. Roble, M. G. Mlynczak, and J. M. Russell III, Comparative study of short term diurnal tidal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D18108, doi: /2007JD008542, Li, T., C.-Y. She, H.-L. Liu, T. Leblanc, and I. S. McDermid, Sodium lidar observed strong inertia- gravity wave activities in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W), J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22104, doi: /2007JD008681, Friedman, J. S., and X. Chu, Nocturnal temperature structure in the mesopause region over the Arecibo Observatory (18.35°N, 66.75°W): Seasonal variations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D14107, doi: /2006JD008220, CRRL: Publications

Published 2008 Yuan, T., C.-Y. She, D. A. Krueger, F. Sassi, R. Garcia, R. Roble, H.-L. Liu, and H. Schmidt, Climatology of mesopause region temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind over Fort Collins, CO (41ºN, 105ºW), and comparison with model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03105, doi: /2007JD008697, Li, T., C.-Y. She, S. E. Palo, Q. Wu, H.-L. Liu, and M. L. Salby, Coordinated Lidar and TIMED observations of the quasi-two-day wave during August and possible quasi-biennial oscillation influence, Advances in Space Research, 41, doi: /j.asr , Nesse, H., D. Heinrich, J. Stadsnes, M. Sørbø, U.-P. Hoppe, B. P. Williams, F. Honary and D. S. Evans, Upper-mesospheric temperatures measured during the January 2005 Solar Proton Events, Annales Geophysicae, 26, , SRef-ID: /angeo/ , Heinrich, D., H. Nesse, U. Blum, P. Acott, B. P. Williams, U.-P. Hoppe, Summer sudden Na number density enhancements measured with the ALOMAR Weber Na Lidar, Annales Geophysicae, 33AM Optical Meeting Special Issue, 26, , SRef-ID: /angeo/ , Nesse, H., D. Heinrich, B. P. Williams, U.-P. Hoppe, J. Stadsnes, M. Rietveld, W. Singer, U. Blum, M. Sandanger, and E. Trondsen, A Case Study of a Sporadic Sodium Layer Observed by the ALOMAR Weber Na Lidar, Annales Geophysicae, 33AM Optical Meeting Special Issue, 26, , SRef-ID: /angeo/ , CRRL: Publications

Published 2008 Chu, X., Advances in Middle Atmosphere Research with LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, invited paper, pp , Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, and J. P. Thayer, MRI: Mobile Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler lidar principle, design, and analysis, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp , Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: Doppler-Free Saturation-Absorption and Polarization Spectroscopy for Resonance Fluorescence Doppler Lidars, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp , Huang, W., X. Chu, B. P. Williams, J. Wiig, CRRL/CTC: Na Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (Na- DEMOF) for Wind and Temperature Profiling in lower atmosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp , Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: LabVIEW-Software-Based Laser Frequency Locking Servo System for Atmospheric Doppler LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp , Talaat, E. R., T. E. Sarris, A. Papayannis, E. Armandillo, X. Chu, M. Daly, P. Dietrich, and V. Antakis, GLEME: Global Lidar Exploration of the Mesosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp , Friedman, J., I. Gonzalez, and W. Huang, Faraday filter: A comparison between hot and cold cell design, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp , 2008.

Accepted 2008 Yuan, T., H. Schimdt, C. Y. She, D. A. Krueger, and S. Reising, Seasonal variations of semidiurnal tidal perturbations in mesopause region temperature, zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105.1°W), J. Geophys. Res., doi: /2007JD009687, in press, Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, and A. T. Brown, LabVIEW-based laser frequency stabilization system with phase sensitive detection servo loop for Doppler lidar application, Optical Engineering, in press, Strelnikova, I., M. Rapp, B. Strelnokov, G. Baumgarten, A. Brattli, K. Svenes, U.-P. Hoppe, M. Friedrich, J. Gumbel, B. P. Williams, Measurements of meteor smoke particles during the ECOMA-2006 campaign: 2. results, LPMR special issue, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., in press, CRRL: Publications

Submitted during 2008 Yue, J., S. L. Vadas, C.-Y. She, T. Nakamura, S. Reising, D. Krueger, H. Liu, P. Stamus, D. Thorsen, W. Lyons, and T. Li, A study of OH imager observed concentric gravity waves near Fort Collins on May 11, 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted, Vadas, S. L., J. Yue, C.-Y. She and P. Stamus, The effects of winds on concentric rings of gravity waves from a thunderstorm near Fort Collins in May 2004, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, Drob, D. P., J. T. Emmert, G. Crowley, J. M. Picone, G. G. Shepherd, W. Skinner, Paul Hayes, R. J. Niciejewski, M. Larsen, C.Y. She, J. W. Meriwether, G. Hernandez, M. J. Jarvis, D. P. Sipler, C. A. Tepley, M. S. O’Brien, J. R. Bowman, Q. Wu, Y. Murayama, S. Kawamura, I.M. Reid, and R. A. Vincent, An Empirical Model of the Earth’s Horizontal Wind Fields: HWM07, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, Strelnikova, I., M. Rapp, B. Strelnokov, G. Baumgarten, A. Brattli, K. Svenes, U.-P. Hoppe, M. Friedrich, J. Gumbel, B. P. Williams, Measurements of meteor smoke particles during the ECOMA-2006 campaign: 2. results, LPMR special issue, JASTP, accepted, Chu, X., C. Yamashita, P. J. Espy, G. J. Nott, E. J. Jensen, H.-L. Liu, W. Huang, and J. P. Thayer, Responses of polar mesospheric cloud brightness to stratospheric gravity waves at the South Pole and Rothera, Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, revised, CRRL: Publications

Innovation CRRL Tech Center CRRL: Technology Collaboration Tech Support CRRL

Overview CRRL Technology Center (CTC) CTC Director: Dr. Xinzhao Chu University of Colorado Established 2006 Table Mountain Observatory, North Boulder

CTC Technology Innovation  High-resolution Doppler-free spectroscopy on Na, K, Rb, and Cs (three types): saturation-fluorescence, saturation-absorption, and polarization spectroscopy  LabVIEW-based laser frequency stabilization system with phase sensitive detection servo loop for Doppler lidar  MRI Mobile Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler Lidar  Na Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (Na-DEMOF) for extending Na lidar measurements into lower atmosphere  Beam steering and optimization  Faraday filter for daytime measurements  Feasibility study of spaceborne mesosphere lidar with European Space Agency  Lidar receiver chopper synchronization at Arecibo  K Faraday filter development and tests

CTC Technology Support within CRRL  Travel to UIUC three times to fix ring dye laser and advise on laser freq locking  Consultant to UIUC group (onsite and off-site)  CTC personnel participate in CSU lidar data collection campaigns  Advice and equipment to CoRA/ALOMAR  Implement K saturation-absorption spectroscopy and LabVIEW-based laser locking program to Arecibo K lidar  Assisted Arecibo in Faraday filter test and beam steering

Technology Fe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy Doppler-Free 56 Fe Peak 372-nm Fe Absorption 1st Fe Doppler-Free Saturation-Absorption Spectroscopy obtained with the MRI Lidar ECDL 372 nm PDH + PID Fe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy Fe-Ar Discharge Cell PD Isolator

CTC Technology Support outside CRRL  Organize 24th ILRC and engage ILRC community  Organize CEDAR and CRRL Workshops  University of New Mexico GW/lidar proposal (John McGraw)  Advise Greek/US Groups for Spaceborne lidar competition in ESA  Advise CAS group for Na Doppler lidar development  Advice to U. Alaska Fairbanks lidar group  Advice to Arecibo Ca/Ca+ lidar

CSU: Chirp Stability Mechanism Sum Frequency Generation of 589 nm light using Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Implemented as a CW seeder in the ALOMAR lidar and a frequency marker in the Shinshu/Nagoya University Na mobile lidar Three-Beam Setup for All-Year Observations of T, U & V UIUC: Development of a high efficiency receiver system New software and hardware were developed for laser control and frequency shift New data acquisition software and hardware allows simultaneous multi-channel input and beam steering CRRL Technology Development

U-graduate Students Graduate Students Guest Investigators Community Researchers CRRL: Education and Training Elements CRRL

Graduate Students: PhD and masters students in Electrical Engineering, Physics, Atmospheric Science and Aerospace Engineering CSU has graduated 15 PhD students in lidar sensing (1991 – 2008) and 2 PhD students presently enrolled in Physics and 1 PhD student enrolled in EE UIUC has graduated 2 PhD students since CRRL was established and 1 PhD and 2 masters students presently enrolled in EE and 2 PhD students in atmospheric science involved in lidar sensing CU has 5 PhD and 2 masters students in lidar sensing enrolled in Aerospace Engineering CoRA trained 2 PhD Norwegian and German students (Hilde Nesse, U. Bergen, Ph.D. 2008; Daniela Heinrich, U. Oslo, Ph.D.2008) Undergraduate Students: Training in electro-optics, atmospheric science, data acquisition, laser systems, diagnostic equipment CoRA trained Jorgen Osterpart, undergrad, U. Tromso, Natalie Muller, undergraduate, U. Heidelberg CSU hosted Mr. Stefan Schweiger, undergraduate student, University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg, Germany and supported an independent study by Mr. Jason Hahn, CSU undergraduate in Physics CRRL: Education and Training

StudentAcademic YearInstitutionAdvisorSubject Scott AndersonPhD in 2008University of Illinois G. SwensonAirglow tomography Chad CarlsonPhD in 2009University of Illinois G. SwensonHe thermospheric lidar, Na lidar Xian LuPhD in 2011University of Illinois A.LiuGW saturation and dissipation Zhenhua LiPhD in 2010University of Illinois A.LiuGW source and propagation Tony MangogniaMS in 2009University of Illinois G. SwensonPhotometer, Lidar receiver Ben GrafMS in 2009University of Illinois G. SwensonLidar data acquisition Austin KirchoffMS in 2007University of Illinois G. SwensonLidar frequency locking and control Fabio VargasPhD in 2008INPE, BrazilG. SwensonAirglow modeling CRRL: Graduate Students (UIUC)

StudentAcademic YearInstitutionAdvisorSubject Johannes WiigPhD in 2010University of Colorado X. ChuLidar tech development; instability study; Na climatology Chihoko YamashitaM.S. in 2008University of Colorado X. ChuLidar data analysis for gravity waves in Antarctica Chihoko YamashitaPhD in 2010University of Colorado X. Chu & H.-L. Liu Gravity wave modeling and data analysis John A. SmithM.S. in 2009 PhD in 2012 University of Colorado X. ChuLaser frequency control; Lidar tech innovation; MLT science Bo TanPhD in 2012University of Colorado X. ChuLidar instrumentation; MLT science Jonathan FentzkePhD in 2009University of Colorado X. Chu & D. Janches Lidar DAQ development; meteor modeling; data analysis Paloma FariasM.S. in 2008University of Colorado X. ChuArecibo K Doppler lidar control and DAQ CRRL: Graduate Students (CU)

StudentAcademic YearInstitutionAdvisorSubject Arvind TalukdarB.S. in 2008University of Colorado X. ChuLidar electronics Matt HaymanPhD in 2009University of Colorado J. P. ThayerLidar receiver design and development; polarization lidar data analysis of PMC Katelynn GreerMS in 2009University of Colorado J. P. ThayerLidar data analysis and operation Steven MitchellPhD in 2011University of Colorado J. P. ThayerLaser altimeter development; lidar data analysis CRRL: Graduate Students (CU)

StudentAcademic YearInstitutionAdvisorSubject Philip AcottPhD in 2008Colorado State University C. -Y. She and D. A. Krueger Mesospheric momentum flux studies Jia YuePhD in 2009Colorado State University C. -Y. She and S. C. Reising Convectively- Generated Gravity Waves and Gravity Wave Ducting Sean HarrellPhD in 2009Colorado State University C. -Y. She and D.. Krueger Faraday Filter- Based Spectrometer to Measure Sodium Nightglow D2/D1 Intensity Ratios CRRL: Graduate Students (CSU)

Training CRRL: Education and Training Community Researchers: Training on data usage and applicability Examples CRRL hosted 3 CEDAR workshops on Lidar science and technology CSU hosted Mr. Zhaoai Yan, graduate student, Ocean University of China in QingDao, ShanTung, China, 2006 – 2007 CSU hosted Mr. Sebastian Knitter, graduate student, University of Rostock, Germany, 2006 – 2007 CoRA Trained Norwegian (U. Tromso, U. Bergen, U. Oslo) and German students to operate lidar, including 4 female students/engineers ->3 recent first author papers CoRA participated in Norwegian Space Camp at Andoya Rocket Ranage Regular tours by B. Williams and Norwegian colleagues

Training CRRL: Education and Training Guest Investigators: Support investigators at the various CRRL sites for experiments, training and collaboration. Not Supported by CRRL: Dr. Shikha Raizada of AO visiting scientist at CU through CIRES visiting fellowship, Fall 2008 Dr. Shikha Raizada of AO visiting scientist at CoRA, Fall 2008 Dr. Deepak Simkhada of USU visiting scientist at CoRA, Fall 2008 / Spring 2009

Data Operations & Maintenance Users & Collaborators Outreach Community CRRL: Community Elements Science Programs  CEDAR  International Laser Radar community  Layered Phenomena of the Mesopause region  International collaborations  Sounding rockets  TIMED CRRL Agency Support  NSF Upper Atmosphere  NSF Astronomy  Air Force  NASA

Operations and Maintenance: - Personnel, equipment and hours CSU: 18 years of regular nighttime operations (since 1990), continuous 24- hour observations (2002-present) CoRA: 8 years of daytime and nighttime operations UIUC: 2 years of observations at SOR ( ), 5 years at Maui ( ), major equipment modification and operation at Urbana, Il ( ), relocation to Cerra Pachon, Chile (2009) Data dissemination / Analysis / Archival: CEDAR database and public websites Outreach: CEDAR workshops in Lidar course development at CU International Laser Radar Conference exhibit booth Host to numerous students and researchers Collaborators: NCAR, TIMED, Maui-MALT enterprise, AURA astronomy program, Arecibo Observatory, Utah State University, Clemson University, Aerospace Corporation, Andoya Rocket Range, Norwegian Defense Establishment, Norwegian Naval Academy, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Leeds CRRL: Community

CSU Lidar Data UserInstitution / Country Thirry LeBlancCalTech/NASA JPL Tao LiCalTech/NASA JPL Stuart McDermidCalTech/NASA JPL Zhilin HuCase Western Reserve Univ. Sharon VadasCoRA Walter LyonsFMA Jim RussellHampton University Didier Fussen Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique, Belgium Frank MulliganIrish National University Sam YeeJHU/APL Elsayed TalaatJHU/APL Takuji NakamuraKyoto Univ., Japan Hauke Schmidt Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg, Germany Larisa GoncharenkoMIT Haystack Observatory CSU Lidar Data UserInstitution / Country K. ShiokawaNagoya University, Japan Artem FeofilovNASA/Goddard Richard GoldbergNASA/Goddard Marty MlynzackNASA/Langley Rolando GarciaNCAR Han-Li LiuNCAR Raymond RobleNCAR Fabrizio SassiNCAR Qian WuNCAR Douglas DrobNRL/DC Taku KawaharaShinshu Univ., Japan Tom SlangerSRI J. GumbeliStockholm University, Sweden John PlaneUniv. of Leeds Denise ThorsenUniv. of Alaska Fairbanks Paul Hickson University of British Columbia, Canada CRRL: CSU Lidar Users/Collaborators Data Base

UIUC Lidar Data UserInstitution / Country Jim HechtAerospace Corporation Mike TaylorUtah State Univ. John PlaneUniv. of Leeds Taku KawaharaShinshu Univ., Japan Miguel LarsenClemson Univ. Lucus HurdClemson Univ. Xiaoqian ZhouClemson Univ Steve FrankeUniv. Of Illinois Jacques SebagAURA Jonathan FriedmanArecibo CRRL: UIUC Lidar Users/Collaborators Data Base

Andoya Rocket Range/ALOMAR Observatory  1/3 of site fees, part of operating expenses  Lidar capability enhances rocket campaigns  Three trained on-site observers FFI (Norwegian Defense Establishment)  1/3 site fee, two grad students, postdoc  Two undergraduate students this year IAP, Germany  ECOMA rocket campaigns  1.8 m telescopes  Combined temperature profiles CRRL: CoRA International Collaborations

1.Observing hours increasing with time best year with ~230 hours and data in every month so far 3.1,100 hours data in last 8 years 4.Data distributed to ARR, FFI, IAP, U. Leeds, MISU, Bulgarian Institute of Geophysics and other collaborators in ground and space-based campaigns. CRRL: CoRA Lidar Observations

at SOR, 400 hours, cover every calendar month except July at Maui, 250 hours, cover 7 calendar months 3.High accuracy with best signal obtained with large Air Force telescopes 4.Data is available online and used by various collaborators. CRRL: UIUC Lidar Observations

Budget CRRL: Budgets and Challenges Disabled:  Guest Investigator Program  CTC travel to sites  Lidar school  No equipment upgrade funds Reduced:  Observations at all three sites  GRA and post-doc support Enabled:  New lidar community technology center  New lidar observatory in Chile  Work force development by providing a foundation to increase the number of PhD and masters degrees  Stability for international collaboration and leveraging for other programs  Developed a sense of community for lidar research and middle atmosphere studies

UIUC: $60k of labor by PI and students $90-120k in building costs for the Andes Lidar Observatory CU: $160k costs in lidar equipment $70k costs in a new mobile lidar container (20’x8’) In-kind contribution from NOAA for access to a new 1600 ft 2 lidar building in North Boulder CSU: $40k of labor by Co-I’s CoRA: $700k of AFOSR DURIP funds to develop the sodium lidar system at ALOMAR AFOSR also supported first year of CRRL operations $60k contributions from ALOMAR/ARR for sodium lidar receiver components in addition to free use of the multimillion dollar 1.8 m telescopes $20k/yr funds from Andoya Rocket Range to lessen site support costs in return for advertising the lidar as a resource for rocket experiments $20k/yr funds from FFI to further lessen site support costs Cost Sharing in Support of CRRL

Budget CRRL: Work Breakdown Structure Does not include cost-sharing funds nor MRI development

Operations and Maintenance: - Goal is to achieve 1000 hours per year Fundamental to achieving the CRRL goals is the underlying necessity to retain personnel at these institutions capable of performing instrument development, flexible observations, maintenance, repairs, and replacement of outdated and inadequate equipment. Although we are working internally to resolve this common need by consolidation of skills, some aspects of this underlying need remain significant issues at all three lidar sites. CSU: Lidar operations have been reduced from the previous level of hours per year during to only hours per year from 2006 to present due to limited number of operators. This reduces the CRRL science output and user data availability UIUC: Lidar operations of the past two years have been few due to the major system reconstruction. ALO annual operations will consist of two, two week periods. CoRA: Lidar operations have improved to 200+ hours with Norwegian operators but system maintenance and improvements can only be implemented with travel by CoRA personnel (Biff Williams) CRRL: Challenges

CSU: Purchase a third 76 cm (30”) telescope to achieve reliable signal-to-noise ratio for simultaneous temperature, zonal and meridional wind observations ($30k) UIUC: Andes Lidar Observatory in 2009 shipping and installation of lidar system (NSF supplement of $67k) annual site usage fee ($40k) remote operations and maintenance (limited) CRRL: Infrastructure Plans / Needs Near-Term Infrastructure Needs: ALL: The laser transmitters for all these systems are highly sophisticated and require maintenance and replacement parts. UIUC and CSU laser systems have been running successfully for many years but require extensive maintenance.

CoRA: Improve power of seed beam with higher power IR lasers while maintaining robustness. Add 75cm telescope to measure meridional winds while the two 1.8m telescopes measure zonal momentum flux CTC: Develop daytime capability for UIUC system Fifth year support for PhD student Travel funds to visit CRRL sites and lend technical support Maintain and operate the Table Mountain lidar test facility in North Boulder ($15k/year) Improve diagnostic equipment necessary for technology development CRRL: Infrastructure Plans / Needs Near-term Infrastructure Plans / Needs, cont’d:

Infrastructure Plan for Mobile, Fe-resonance, Doppler, Rayleigh, Mie Lidar Major Research Instrumentation

Facility instrument –Lidar (Gary Swenson) –All sky Imager (Alan Liu) –Photometer (Alan Liu) –Temperature Mapper (Mike Taylor, Utah State Univ) –Infrared camera (Jim Hecht) –Meteor radar (Steve Franke) Infrastructure Plan for ALO Andes Lidar Observatory –Building of the observatory is funded by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at UIUC. –Once the bidding is finalized, it will be built and be ready in two months, est. Jan 2009.

Retirement of Joe She at CSU: CSU is presently pursuing a lidar faculty position in EE Extended operations of the ALO: Andes Lidar Observatory is presently planned for limited observations based on travel funds and personnel to two, two-week campaigns Incorporation of the MRI-developed, mobile, W/T, Fe-resonance lidar: The MRI funded effort only includes the construction of the system not O&M Involvement of other lidar stations with CRRL: Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility, Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (67°N, 51°W), SRI International: Broadband Rayleigh lidar, Broadband resonance lidar. Poker Flat Research Range, Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W), University of Alaska: Broadband resonance lidar, Broadband Rayleigh lidar (with Communications Research Laboratory). Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18°N, 67°W), National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center: Broadband resonance lidar, Narrowband resonance lidar (K Doppler technique). Logan, Utah (42°N, 112°W), Utah State University (USU): Broadband Rayleigh lidar. CRRL: Long-Term Issues

Challenges Facility Challenges: As a University-Based Facility, Budgets Impact Students Student Impact: Students serve as the work force for operations, maintenance, technology development, science productivity, and future innovations. Budget Impact: Facility budget fluctuations and pressures related to operations and data for community usage has a direct impact on students whose support requires consistency and stability to complete degrees

Challenges Facility Challenges: Keeping all Elements Well Balanced Data Science Leadership Science Driver Science Productivity Collaboration Outreach Science Technology Operations & Maintenance CRRL Tech Center Innovation Education Training

Science Seasonal Variation of Momentum and Heat Fluxes Highlights Science references Maui and SOR are the only sites where estimates of both momentum and heat fluxes were possible. This is because both off-zenith and zenith measurements were made, and the coupling with the large telescope enabled reliable estimates of the small heat flux. Seasonal variation of momentum flux is consistent with background wind variation according to the wave filtering mechanism; Heat flux is consistent with theoretical predictions of downward flux, and its seasonal variation is closely related to atmospheric stability. Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi: /2005JD Seasonal variation of zonal and meridional momentum fluxes Seasonal variation of heat flux

Science Instabilities and Gravity Wave Breaking Highlights Science High resolution lidar measurements enable detailed examination of instabilities induced by gravity wave breaking and wave-wave interaction. Lidar observations can be combined with other instruments, such as airglow imagers and rocket- deployed sensors, to study wave breaking and turbulence processes in detail. references Li, F., Liu, A. Z., Swenson, G. R., Hecht, J. H., & Robinson, W. A. (2005). Observations of gravity wave breakdown into ripples associated with dynamical instabilities. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S11, doi: /2004JD Li, F., Liu, A. Z., & Swenson, G. R. (2005). Characteristics of instabilities in the mesopause region over Maui, Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S12, doi: /2004JD Liu, A. Z., Roble, R. G., Hecht, J. H., Larsen, M. F., & Gardner, C. S. (2004). Unstable layers in the mesopause region observed with Na lidar during the Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX) campaign. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02S02, doi: /2002JD Richardson number derived from lidar wind and temperature measurements on Apr. 11, 2002 at Maui, Hawaii, showing both dynamic (yellow) and convective (red) instabilities. On Oct. 28, 2003, multiple waves were observed in OH airglow imager at Maui (left). One wave (B) propagated into a marginally stable region and drove the atmosphere to be dynamically unstable. The wave broke into ripples observed by the imager (right).