North American Archaeology PaleoindianArchaicWoodlandMississippian

Paleoindian Pre-Clovis Pre-Clovis Occupation prior to 12,000 years agoOccupation prior to 12,000 years ago Sites include:Sites include: Monte Verde, Chile Monte Verde, Chile Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA Cactus Hill, VA Cactus Hill, VA Clovis Clovis From 12,000 to 11,200 years agoFrom 12,000 to 11,200 years ago Clovis projectile pointsClovis projectile points Paleoindian (other than Clovis) ends with end of Pleistocene (10,000 years ago) Paleoindian (other than Clovis) ends with end of Pleistocene (10,000 years ago)

Location of Dust Cave

Dust Cave Paleoindian 10,800-10,000 B.P.

Excavation Units

Excavation Mapping Screening Flotation

The Trench

Close-up of Zones and Features Hearth Ash Pit Remnant of Clay-lined floor Hearth

Artifacts Bone tools Animal bones Projectile Points

Camp Life Kitchen/Lab Tents

Boat Access

Archaic Period 10,000-3,000 B.P. Begins with start of Holocene (10,000) Begins with start of Holocene (10,000) Characterized by more generalized foraging. Characterized by more generalized foraging. Hunting deer, other mammalsHunting deer, other mammals Still fairly mobile lifestyle. Still fairly mobile lifestyle. More variable stone tools. More variable stone tools.

Early Archaic: Koster, IL

Middle Archaic: Shell Mounds/Middens

Late Archaic: Poverty Point

Poverty Point: Mounds and Objects

Woodland (3,000-1,000 B.P.) Increased Sedentism (living in one place year round) Increased Sedentism (living in one place year round) Horticulture of native plants Horticulture of native plants Sumpweed, maygrass, sunflower, gourds, squashSumpweed, maygrass, sunflower, gourds, squash Increase use of pottery Increase use of pottery Mound building expands Mound building expands

Early Woodland: Adena Culture Effigy Mounds Conical burial mounds

Adena Artifacts

Middle Woodland: Hopewell Culture Copper Art Effigy pipes

Late Woodland: Northeastern Sites Northeastern cultures continued in the Late Woodland tradition. Northeastern cultures continued in the Late Woodland tradition. Long Houses, large populations. Long Houses, large populations. Corn, Beans and squash horticulture by 1200 A.D. Corn, Beans and squash horticulture by 1200 A.D. Some site with palisades (wooden walls) constructed around them. Some site with palisades (wooden walls) constructed around them.

Mississippian( B.P.) Height of complexity in eastern North America. Height of complexity in eastern North America. Centralized governments, large “city- states”. Centralized governments, large “city- states”. Flat-topped mounds. Flat-topped mounds. Elaborate burial mounds. Elaborate burial mounds.

Mississippian Sites: Etowah, Moundsville Etowah Mound and Statues, GA Moundsville, AL

Cahokia, IL

Monks Mound-Cahokia Largest North American structure-

Mississippian Ceramics Human Effigy Owl Dog

Shell Ornaments Shell Mask Spider Gorget Priest/Warrior Gorget

Lithic Artifacts Monolithic Axe Duck River Cache, TN

Burial & Status: Cahokia Mound 72 The wood dates to approximately 1000 A.D. 272 burials were discovered in mound 72. Burials without litters Burials with litters

Mound 72 Headless Burials Female Burial Pit (53 between 15 and 30)

Historic Contact (Post A.D. 1492) Contact between Europeans and Native Americans. Contact between Europeans and Native Americans. Early settler sites. Early settler sites. Historic Farmsteads. Historic Farmsteads. Plantation Archaeology. Plantation Archaeology.

Jamestown, VA

Jamestown Artifacts