Potential Causes of Climate Change ENVS 110. orbital parameters.

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Presentation transcript:

Potential Causes of Climate Change ENVS 110

orbital parameters

planetary temperatures

eccentricity: the influence of elliptical orbits Note: for the Earth this difference is quite small – about 3%

the seasons

changes in the shape of the earth’s orbit affects how solar radiation is distributed throughout the year

axial tilt or obliquity determines how much sunlight reaches the northern and southern hemispheres during summer / winter influences the severity of the seasons

Milankovitch (over) simplified changes in orbital parameters change the way solar radiation is distributed across the earth it changes the absolute amount of solar radiation a little (due to Kepler’s second law) so why don’t the effects just average out?

equator

Important Greenhouse Gasses Water vapor H 2 O0.1 ppm – 40,000 ppm Carbon Dioxide CO ppm Methane CH ppm Nitrous Oxide N 2 O0.3 ppm Ozone O ppm (at surface) Freon – 11 CCl 3 F ppm Freon – 12 CCCl 2 F ppm Data from Kump et al., 2004

The Greenhouse Effect Atmosphere transparent to visible light Atmosphere opaque to long wavelength radiation (infrared)

Change in CO 2 Concentrations

Long Term CO 2, CH 4 Variability Source: Vostok ice core record Petit et al., 2001

total solar irradiance The Reverend Robert Walker Skating on Duddingston Loch attributed to Henry Raeburn, 1790's Pieter Brueghel the Younger. Winter Landscape, 1621 little ice age London Bridge Frost Fair Luke Clenell, 1814

Mount Pinatubo erupts

feedback mechanisms initial signal quite small need amplifiers –ice albedo feedback –plant cover feedback –cloud feedback –radiation feedback –greenhouse gasses ?