Xenolog: Homologs resulting from horizontal gene transfer

Orthologous or paralogous homologs? Early globin gene Gene Duplication -chain gene ß-chain gene mouse  human  cattle  cattle ß human ß mouse ß Orthologs () Orthologs (ß) Paralogs (cattle) Homologs Orthologs – diverged only after speciation – tend to have similar function Paralogs – diverged after gene duplication – some functional divergence occurs

True or False? A1x is the ortholog in species x of A1y? A1x is a paralog of A2x? A1x is a paralog of A2y?

More genome, means more regulation! ~ 98.5% of the human genome is noncoding

PROKARYA, ARCHAEA, AND EUKARYA Now that you know a little more about them. . . Let’s do some comparative analysis this year in M2O! Genome structure and diversity Modes of replication or life cycles Cell structures Gene regulation Metabolic processes Ask yourself this question throughout the year: . . . how do they differ and how are they similar?

HOW DO WE DO IT? BIOMOLECULES!! Sequences Genomic sequences Evolutionary analyses 3D Structures Nucleic acids proteins Function Studies Genetic knockouts Natural mutants In vitro assays Array data

LEARN TO USE THE INFORMATION THAT IS ALREADY OUT THERE! But enough about sequence alignments! Letsmove on to talking more about evolutionary analyses in the way you probably think of – phylogenetic trees and inferring organism or gene relationships