1. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes The ultimate goal of genomic research: determining the ordered nucleotide sequences of entire genomes of organisms Genetic maps: (linkage map) approximate locations of genes, relative to the location of other genes, based on the rates of recombination

3. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes Physical map: based on the direct analysis of DNA, places genes in relation to distances measured in bp, kbp, and mbp

5. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes Sequencing an entire genome: The human genome project Map-based sequencing: relies on detailed genetic and physical maps to align sequenced fragments

7. Concept Check 1 A contig is: a.a set of molecular markers used in genetic mapping b.a set of overlapping fragments that form a continuous stretch of DNA c.a set of fragments generated by a restriction enzyme d.a small DNA fragment used in sequencing

8. Concept Check 1 A contig is: a.a set of molecular markers used in genetic mapping b.a set of overlapping fragments that form a continuous stretch of DNA c.a set of fragments generated by a restriction enzyme d.a small DNA fragment used in sequencing

9. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes Whole-genome shotgun sequencing: Small-insert clones are prepared directly from genomic DNA and sequenced in a highly automated way.

11. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes Single-nucleotide polymorphisms: A site in the genome where individual members of a species differ in a single base pair Haplotype: the specific set of SNPs and other genetic variants observed on a chromosome tagSNPs

13. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes Copy-number variations The number of copies of DNA sequences varies from people to people. Expressed-Sequence Tags (ESTs) Markers associated with DNA sequences that are expressed as RNA Bioinformatics: Molecular Biology + Computer Science

14. 20.2 Functional Genomics Determines the Functions of Genes by Using Genomic-Based Approaches Functional genomics characterizes what the sequences do Transcriptome: all the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome Proteome: all the proteins encoded by the genome

15. Predicting Function from Sequence Homologous Genes that are evolutionarily related Orthologs Homologous genes in different species that evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor Paralogs Homologous genes arising by duplication of a single gene in the same organism

16. Concept Check 3 What is the difference between orthologs and paralogs? a.Orthologs are homologous sequences; paralogs are analogous sequences. b.Orthologs are more similar than paralogs. c.Orthologs are in the same organism; paralogs are in different organisms. d.Orthologs are in different organisms; paralogs are in the same organism.

17. Concept Check 3 What is the difference between orthologs and paralogs? a.Orthologs are homologous sequences; paralogs are analogous sequences. b.Orthologs are more similar than paralogs. c.Orthologs are in the same organism; paralogs are in different organisms. d.Orthologs are in different organisms; paralogs are in the same organism.

18. Gene Expression and Microarrays Microarrays: Nucleic acid hybridization: using a known DNA fragment as a probe to find a complementary sequence Gene expression and reporter sequences: Reporter sequence: encoding an easily observed product used to track the expression of a gene of interest

25. 20.3 Comparative Genomics Studies How Genomes Evolve

26. Prokaryotic Genomes Genome size Number of genes Horizontal gene transfer: exchanging genetic information from closely related or distantly related species over evolutionary time Function of genes

29. Eukaryotic Genomes Genome size Number of genes Multigene family: a group of evolutionarily related genes that arose through repeated evolution of an ancestral gene

31. 20.4 Proteomics Analyzes the Complete Set of Proteins Found in a Cell Determination of cellular proteins Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Mass spectrometry

32. 20.4 Proteomics Analyzes the Complete Set of Proteins Found in a Cell Determination of cellular proteins Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry