History of ‘Europe’ Through Its Treaties  Treaty of Paris (1951) European Coal and Steel Community Common Market in Coal and Steel Competition Policy (anti-Cartel) High Authority  Treaty of Rome (1957) European Economic Community (“Common Market”)  Common Market in All Traded Goods European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)

History of ‘Europe’ Through Its Treaties (cont’d)  Single European Act (1986) Single Market by 1992  Treaty of Maastricht (1992) Creation of the European Union Single Currency Plan European Citizenship  Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Upgraded Maastricht, in the direction of ever closer union and more democratic governance  Treaty of Nice (2000) Reform of Institutions to Enable Enlargement

Treaty of Rome 1957  Title: Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community  Intent (art. 2): “The Community has the mission, by the institution of a common market and by the progressive bringing together [rapprochement] of the economic policies of the Member States, of promoting a harmonious development of economic activity in the totality of the Community, a continuous and balanced expansion, increased stability, accelerated raising of living standards, and closer relations among the States that it unites.”

Aims of the Treaty (art. 3) a) Eliminate tariffs and quotas on merchandise traded among Member States b) Establish a common external tariff and a common trade policy towards non- Member States c) Abolish obstacles to the free movement of persons, services and capital among Member States d) Inaugurate a common agricultural policy e) Inaugurate a common transport policy f) Establish conditions insuring no distortion of competition within the Common Market g) Apply procedures enabling the coordination of economic policies of the Member States and provisions for disequilibria in their balance of payments h) Bring together [rapprochement] national legislation to the extent necessary for the functioning of the Common Market i) Create a European Social Fund, for the purpose of improving employment opportunities for workers and contributing to the rise in their standard of living j) Establish a European Investment Bank, destined to facilitate the economic expansion of the Community by the creation of new resources k) Associate overseas countries and territories, with the intention of increasing exchanges and pursuing in common the effort of economic and social development

Treaty Headings Principles Foundations of the Community Free movement of goods Agriculture Free movement of persons, services and capital Transport Policy of the Community Common Rules Rules of Competition, etc. Economic Policy Social Policy European Investment Bank Association of Overseas Countries and Territories Institutions of the Community

Treaty of Maastricht 1992  Title: Treaty on European Union  Intent (Title I, art. A): “By the present treaty, the High Contracting Parties establish among themselves a European Union, hereafter referred to as “Union.” “The present treaty marks a new stage in the process creating an ever closer (sans cesse etroite) union among the peoples of Europe, in which the decisions are taken as close as possible to the citizens.”

Treaty of Maastricht (cont’d)  Intent (cont’d): “The Union is based on the European Communities completed by the policies and forms of cooperation established by the present Treaty. It has for its mission the organization, in a coherent and collaborative [solidaire] manner, of relations among the Member States and their peoples.”

Aims of the Treaty (Title I, art. B) a) Promote balanced and durable economic and social progress, by means of : an internal space without borders; economic and social cohesion; and the establishment of an economic and monetary union, leading to a single currency; b) Affirm its identity on the international scene, notably by putting into place a common foreign and security policy, including the definition of a policy of common defense, which might lead, at the appropriate time, to a common defense; c) Establish a citizenship of the Union, and thereby strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of Member State nationals; d) Develop a close cooperation in the area of justice and interior affairs; e) Maintain in their entirety the acquis communautaire and to develop it in order to examine, in conformity with the procedure envisaged by article N, paragraph 2, to what extent the policies and the forms of cooperation instituted by the present treaty should be revised with the goal of insuring the effectiveness of community mechanisms and institutions; “The aims of the Union are attained conforming to the provisions of the present treaty, in the conditions and according to the rhythms which are therein anticipated, while respecting the principle of subsidiarity such as it is defined in article 3 B of the treaty establishing the European Community.”

Aims of the Treaty (Title II, art. G) “The treaty instituting the European Economic Community is modified conforming to the provisions of the present article in order to institute a European Community.” “The terms ‘European Economic Community’ are replaced by the terms ‘European Community’” “The Community has for its mission, by the establishment of a common market and an economic and monetary union, and by putting into effect the common policies and actions envisaged in articles 3 and 3A, the promotion of harmonious and balanced development of economic activities in the entire Community, a durable and non-inflationary growth respecting the environment, a high degree of convergence of economic performance, a high level of employment and social protection, the raising of the level and quality of life, economic and social cohesion and solidarity among the Member States.”

Treaty Headings  Common Provisions  Provisions Establishing the European Community Revisions of “Principles” (Part I of Treaty of Rome) Citizenship of the Union (Part II added) Policies of the Community (Merger and Revision of Parts II and III of Treaty of Rome)  Common Rules on Competition, Taxation and Convergence [Rapprochement] of Legislation  Economic and Monetary Policy  Common Trade Policy  Social Policy, Education, Professional Training, and Youth  Culture  Public Health  Protection of Consumers …  Economic and Social Cohesion  Research and Technological Development  Environment  Cooperation in Development

Treaty Headings (cont’d)  Provisions Establishing the European Community (cont’d) Revisions of Articles on Community Institutions (Part V of Treaty of Rome)  Provisions Modifying the Treaty Instituting the European Coal and Steel Community  Provisions Modifying the European Atomic Energy Community  Provisions Concerning a Common Foreign and Security Policy  Provisions on Cooperation in the Domains of Justice and Interior (Home) Affairs

Lessons  Europe United in “Stages” – back and forth Movement Forward (1951, 1957, 1986) No Movement, or Backsliding ( )  Eurosclerosis  A multi-layered and multi-sectoral process  A certain kind of: Trading economy (“Single Market”) Common policies (CAP, competition, etc.) Unified voice as global actor Single currency (EURO) Social agenda European identity

About this course….  “A history” but one that happens now  “A historical method” – total immersion process A comprehensive view Some background but not enough for expertise Deep exposure on several levels  Documents and sources  European Union processes – law-making  Direct access to “what’s happening” and “what’s out there” on the most authoritative levels  Direct communications from Europe  A “doing history” approach

End results (hopefully)…  Familiarity with European Union and European integration as process and as complex of “things” (issues, policies, institutions, etc.)  A deep sense of how the European Union operates in practice  The basics of a “Euro-language”  The variety of the sources “out there” to investigate Europe uniting, and how to identify, access, and make intelligent use of these sources  The experience of “doing history” and “being European” (at the official level especially) by “hands-on” practice with European documents

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