Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine (former Ministry of Transport and Communications) State Enterprise «State Road Transport Research Institute» (SE SRTRI) Estimation of Road Transport Emissions with application of Higher Level Methods Part 2. Road Transport Emission Inventory Methodological Foundations Aleksey Klimenko, Ph.D., Deputy head of Vehicle Test Center (E46/B - Ukraine), Deputy head of Research Laboratory of Fuels and Ecology, State Road Transport Research Institute, Ukraine Tbilisi, Georgia, December 2013

Estimation of GHG Emissions by Road Transport with application of Higher Level Methods

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2000 EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook Technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories. EEA Technical report No 9/2009. ISSN Methodological foundations:

The main groups of information sources: 1. IPCC Methodological Foundations. 2. National inventories reports and history of preparation and examination. 3. The documents with international experts remarks and recommendations during examination of previous national reports. 4. National legislation within inventory activities. 5. UN ECE reports regarding environmental activity results in Ukraine. 6. SEIA reports. 7. National GHG inventories of another countries experience. 8. Scientific literature, etc.

Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories for Road Transport in Ukraine,

EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook Technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories. EEA Technical report No 9/2009. ISSN COPERT IV – Computer Program to calculate Emissions from Road Transport

Higher Level Methods Selection based on the beloning to the key category and on the available input data

Emissions of such GHG as CH4 and N2O and such pollutants as NOx, HC, CO, PM etc. are more difficult to estimate accurately than those for CO2 because emission factors are in a great extent depend on vehicle technology level & technical conditions, fuel and operating characteristics, driving behavior etc. In general higher level approach envisages calculations based primarily on broad (very detailed) data on the structure of the fleet of vehicles, taking into account the distribution of each category of vehicles in various subgroups of technological (environmental) level.

This takes into account:  the fleet division by age and change of vehicle properties depending on age, mileage and other conditions;  freight volume and conditions (annual mileage, its distribution in urban, countryside and other conditions, the average speed in various conditions, the average length of one traveling, climatic conditions etc.);  average specific fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by every subgroup of each category of vehicles in certain circumstances and depending on various factors;  the structure of motor fuel consumption, taking into account fuel quality (in particular, sulfur content) and actual content of carbon etc. Based on these data, it is calculated total fuel consumption and total emissions by each subgroup of each category of vehicles and a whole fleet of vehicles of the country.

Consolidated list of national input data necessary for calculation of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4) and other pollutants (NOx, PM, HC, CO, etc.) from road transport, according to international recommendations and established practices of EU countries:

Consolidated list of necessary input data (1): 1. Division of vehicle fleet under different categories and subgroups (1): According to the methodological recommendations of the European Environmental Agency’s Technical guidance of EMEP/EEA, structure of vehicle fleet of Ukraine (total number of vehicles of every subgroup within every category) should be defined (distributed) as follows (taking into account some national specifics): Passenger cars (PC); Light duty vehicles (LDV); Heavy duty vehicles (HDV); Buses; Mopeds; Motorcycles.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (2): 1. Division of vehicle fleet under different categories and subgroups (2): The above mentioned categories in general are divided (where it is applicable according to the national specifics) under fuel types for vehicles used: Gasoline (different brands and quality); Diesel fuel (different brands and quality); Liquefied oil gas (different quality); Compressed natural gas; Gas-and-diesel feeding (dual-fuel); Different biofuel and blended fuels etc. ( incl. E-85 )

Consolidated list of necessary input data (4): 1. Division of vehicle fleet under different categories and subgroups (4): LDV (with a maximum weight < 3,5 t), according to EEA methodology, are divided into categories depending only on fuel type.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (3): 1. Division of vehicle fleet under different categories and subgroups (3): Passenger cars, in turn, are divided according to: engine cylinder capacity, operating on gasoline, onto the next categories: < 1,4 l (< 0,8 l; 0,8 − 1,4 l) ; 1,4 − 2,0 l; > 2,0 l; engine cylinder capacity, operating on diesel fuel, onto the next categories: < 2,0 l (< 1,4 l; 1,4 − 2,0 l) ; > 2,0 l; two stroke engine vehicles; hybrids etc.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (5): 1. Division of vehicle fleet under different categories and subgroups (5): HDV, according to EEA methodology, are divided into categories depending on vehicle’s bodywork and maximum weight: Rigid type: ≤ 7,5 t; 7,5 − 12 t; 12 − 14 t; 14 − 20 t; 20 − 26 t; 26 − 28 t; 28 − 32 t; > 32 t. Articulated type: 14 − 20 t; 20 − 28 t; 28 − 34 t; 34 − 40 t; 40 − 50 t; 50 − 60 t.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (6): 1. Division of vehicle fleet under different categories and subgroups (6): Buses, according to EEA methodology, are divided into categories depending on vehicle’s bodywork and maximum weight: city buses are divided into categories depending on maximum weight: ≤ 15 t; 15 − 18 t; > 18 t; coaches are divided into categories depending on maximum weight: ≤ 18 t; > 18 t.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (7): 1. Division of vehicle fleet under different categories and subgroups (7): Motorcycles, according to EEA methodology, are divided into categories depending on engine type and engine cylinder capacity: 2- stroke, > 50 cm3; 4- stroke, 50 − 250 cm3; 4- stroke, 250 − 750 cm3; 4- stroke, > 250 cm3.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (8): 1. Division of vehicle fleet under different categories and subgroups (8): The vehicle fleet structure in Ukraine, in general, is broader than a normal one, envisaged by the Technical guidance of EMEP/EEA. First of all, it is characterized by a broader use by different vehicle categories of LPG and CNG. Certain (relatively small) part in this structure is occupied by technologies of gas-and-diesel feeding, which primarily is used by HDV and buses. According to the national specifics, it may be introduced some additional or separate categories of vehicles.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (9): 1. Division of vehicle fleet under different categories and subgroups (9): Each of the defined categories (taking into account some specifics of the country’s fleet) is also divided into subgroups of different technological (environmental) levels: “basic” environmental level, which existed before introduction by EU countries of strict regulation (also divided into separate subgroups of “early regulation” for passenger cars); “Euro 0”; “Euro 1”; “Euro 2”; “Euro 3”; “Euro 4”; “Euro 5”; “Euro 6”.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (10): 2. Data on vehicle activity: For each subgroup of a certain vehicle category (described above) it is necessary to determine vehicle fleet’s distribution depending on age and characteristics of changes in the properties of vehicles due to the age, mileage and other conditions, as well as such basic data on the activities:  Data on percentage of vehicles which is actually under operation (from the total number of the registered vehicles for every subgroup);  Data on intensity of vehicle operation (at least average annual mileage);  Data on the average distribution of modes (conditions of vehicle operation) under the EEA classification: urban, suburban (rural conditions etc.), traffic conditions on highways;  Data on average length of one travel;  Data on average vehicle speed for every mode of operation under the EEA classification;  Data on average values on coefficient of use of carrying capacity and coefficient of use of mileage of HDV etc.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (11): 3. Data on climatic conditions: For calculation on emissions from vehicles they use data on monthly average minimum, maximum and average temperature in separate cities, regions and average in the country.

Consolidated list of necessary input data (12): 4. Data on volumes and structure of motor fuel consumption and motor fuel market: Information on volumes and structure of motor fuel consumption is collected separately for every region and the country as a whole; it contains data on volume of fuel consumed (supplied for vehicle operation) of every type, with division into separate subgroups depending on origin (structure) and quality (in particular, sulfur content), actual content of carbon (and lower heating value) and others (meaningful indicators which create any impact onto emissions).

Consolidated list of necessary input data (13): 5. Data on specific fuel consumption and specific pollutant emissions: In addition to common (“default”) COPERT emission factors it is need to collected the national data (with conduction of a complex of full-scale research, selected tests, which ensure proper representation, road testing of vehicles etc.) on average specific fuel consumption and emissions of specific pollutants (as a function of operating conditions and other factors) by each subgroup of each category, taking into account the quality of motor fuels on the market, operating characteristics, technologies, standards and culture of maintenance, technical conditions and other factors.

The main question was: Is it possible to have all the above mentioned input data for Ukraine? Answer: Yes it is possible. But it is very difficult.

Thank you for your attention! Aleksey Klimenko, Ph.D., Deputy head of Vehicle Test Center (E46/B - Ukraine), Deputy head of Research Laboratory of Fuels and Ecology, State Road Transport Research Institute, Ukraine