Shaft Power Generation Devices - 1 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!

Closed or Open Cycle Devices

Displacement work or Flowing Fluid Work Devices

Nicolaus Otto Nicolaus Otto and Eugen Langen started the world's first engine manufacturing company N.A. Otto & Cie (now DEUTZ AG, Köln) in 1864. In 1867, the pair were awarded a Gold Medal at the Paris World Exhibition for their atmospheric gas engine built a year earlier.

Otto’s Displacement Work Device Intake Stroke FUEL Ignition Power Stroke Combustion Products Exhaust Stroke Fuel/Air Mixture Compression Stroke Spark Ignition Engine

Otto’s Divided Model for SI Engine Model A I R Intake Stroke FUEL Ignition Power Stroke Combustion Products Exhaust Stroke Fuel/Air Mixture Compression Stroke

Nichalo Otto’s Model for Closed Cycle of SI Engine TC Qin Const volume heat addition Process BC Qout Const volume heat rejection Process Air Compression Process Expansion Process

Control System for an I.C. Engine

Air-Standard Otto cycle Substance : Air : Ideal Gas & Constant Properties Process 1 2 Isentropic compression Process 2  3 Constant volume heat addition Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection Compression ratio: Qin Qout v2 TC v1 BC TC BC

First Law Analysis of Otto Cycle 12 Isentropic Compression AIR 23 Constant Volume Heat Addition AIR Qin TC

3  4 Isentropic Expansion AIR 3  4 Isentropic Expansion 4  1 Constant Volume Heat Removal Qout AIR BC

Analysis of Cycle Net cycle work: Cycle thermal efficiency:

Details of Otto Cycle Engine Net cycle work: Cycle thermal efficiency: Qin Qout

Typical SI engines 9 < r < 11 Effect of Compression Ratio on Thermal Efficiency Fuel/Air Mixture Compression Stroke Typical SI engines 9 < r < 11 Spark ignition engine compression ratio limited by Tig (autoignition) and p3 (material strength), both ~r

Yamaha Yzf R15 Specification Engine Type : Liquidcooled, 4stroke, SOHC Engine Displacement(cc) : 149.8 cc Compression Ratio :10.4:1 Maximum Power : 17BHP@8500 RPM Maximum Torque :15Nm@7500 rpm Air fuel ratio = 1: 14.7 Calorific value of gasoline = 45,200 kJ/kg

Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel Diesel began designing an engine based on the Carnot cycle, in 1893. Diesel published a treatise entitled, Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat-engine to Replace the Steam Engine and Combustion Engines Known Today. This formed the basis for his work on and invention of, the diesel engine. In his engine, fuel was injected at the end of compression and the fuel was ignited by the high temperature resulting from compression.

Displacement Work Devices : Compression Ignition Engine Intake Stroke Combustion Products Exhaust Stroke Power Stroke Air Compression Stroke

Ideal Diesel Cycle Qin Qout Const pressure heat addition Process BC Const volume heat rejection Process Air Compression Process Expansion Process

Process 1 2 Isentropic compression Air-Standard Diesel cycle Process 1 2 Isentropic compression Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection Qin Cut-off ratio: Qout Compression ratio: v2 TC v1 BC TC BC

12 Isentropic Compression First Law Analysis of Diesel Cycle 12 Isentropic Compression AIR 23 Constant Pressure Heat Addition Qin AIR TC

3  4 Isentropic Expansion AIR 3  4 Isentropic Expansion 4  1 Constant Volume Heat Removal Qout AIR BC

First Law Analysis of Cycle Net cycle work: Cycle thermal efficiency:

rc=1 rc=2 rc=3 Typical CI Engines 15 < r < 20 Thermal Efficiency When rc (= v3/v2)1 the Diesel cycle efficiency approaches the efficiency of the Otto cycle Higher efficiency is obtained by adding less heat per cycle, Qin,  run engine at higher speed to get the same power.

Innova Diesel 2.5: DSLA/T Engine Technology Direct Injection Four-Stroke Common-Rail Diesel (D-4D) Type 2.5 Liter Diesel, 4-Cylinder, In-line 16V, Double Overhead Camshaft (Turbo Charged) Displacement 2494 CC Maximum Output 76kW/3600 Maximum Torque 260Nm/1600-2400 Bore and Stroke 92.0x93.8 Compression Ratio & cut-off Ratio 18.5:1 & 2.5 Fuel Consumption at Max. Power 12.2 kg/hr. Calorific value of Diesel 41,180 kJ/kg

Thermodynamic Cycle for control volume based power device 1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection. Type of Working substance Vapour – Rankine cycle Ideal Gas – Brayton cycle.