CHAPTER 20 PROTISTS

Question of the DAY Apr 21 EOC REVIEW The oldest fossils that have been found are of single-celled organisms. This suggests that life on Earth A. has become less complex as the atmosphere has changed B. changes in response to mutations but not environment C. mutates in order to adapt to new environments D. has evolved over time from simple to complex organisms

DO NOW EOC REVIEW Draw and label a graph to illustrate a change in finch population if the environment changes to favor large beaks.

DO NOW ANSWERED Recall that this type of change is known as Directional Selection.

AGENDA APRIL 17 OBJECTIVES: Explain the characteristics used to classify protists. 1. EOC REVIEW QUESTIONS 2. Begin Chapter 20 Protists 3. Review and HOMEWORK Guided Reading Notes Monday APR 20 – Review Packet for Quiz CONTINUE TO REVIEW YOUR NOTES EVERY DAY!!! QUIZ DATE to be announced (Tuesday?)

AGENDA APRIL 21 OBJECTIVES: Identify characteristics used to classify protists and compare them to true plants, animals, and fungi. 1. Review Chapter 20 Protists Notes 2. REVIEW for QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK STUDY your NOTES and QUIZ REVIEW QUIZ TOMORROW  All Materials on my webpage!

20-1: Kingdom Protista Protists are eukaryotes. WHAT FEATURES ARE FOUND IN EUKARYOTES? Nucleus and membrane bound organelles Members DO NOT belong to Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi Most are unicellular. A few consist of hundreds or thousands of cells. Macrocystic pyrifera

Protists First eukaryotic organisms on Earth were protists 1.5 billion years ago Very diverse group of organisms Classified by the way they obtain nutrition. Animallike protists = Heterotrophs Plantlike protists = Photosynthetic protists Funguslike protists = Decomposers

20-2: Animallike Protists - Protozoans Zooflagellates Swim using flagella Absorb food through cell membrane Reproduce asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis Genetically identical cells Some perform meiosis New combination of genetic material

20-2: Zooflagellates Sarcodines move and feed using pseudopods. Amoeboid movement Engulf food and other cells Stored in food vacuoles until digested Reproduce by mitosis and cytokinesis

20-2: Zooflagellates Ciliates use cilia for feeding and movement. Cilia have same internal structure as flagella Parameceum Cilia arranged in evenly spaced rows and bundles Trichocysts protect the cell from danger Release spike-like projections

CILIATES Internal Anatomy Cilia sweep food into gullet Macronucleus – Holds working genes for existence Micronucleus – Contains a reserve copy of genes Cilia sweep food into gullet Lysosomes digest food Maintain homeostasis using contractile vacuoles Collect and release water Can perform Conjugation Exchange of micronuclei with other cells

QUESTION of the DAY APR 22 Viruses are exceptions to the cell theory, but they have some characteristics of living things. What is one of these characteristics? A. They are made up of many specialized cells. B. They contain genetic material. C. They reproduce by mitosis. D. They contain chlorophyll.

Which statement best explains the patterns seen in these diagrams? A. The organisms at the end of each branch can be found in the environment today. B. The organisms that are living today have all evolved at the same rate and have undergone the same kinds of changes. C. Evolution involves changes that give rise to a variety of organisms, some of which continue to change through time while others die out. D. These patterns cannot be used to illustrate the evolution of extinct organisms.

AGENDA APRIL 22 OBJECTIVES: Explain the characteristics used to classify protists. 1. EOC REVIEW QUESTIONS 2. Chapter 20-2 and 20-3 Protists 3. Review and HOMEWORK WORK ON GUIDED READING PACKET CONTINUE TO REVIEW YOUR NOTES EVERY DAY!!! Combined Chapter Test – DATE TBA

20-2 Animallike Protists and Disease Sporozoans do not move on their own Parasites MALARIA caused by sporozoan Plasmodium Carried by female Anopheles mosquito African Sleeping Sickness caused by trypanosomes. Bite of a tsetse fly Destroy red blood cells, nerve cells, and can lead to a fatal sleep

20-3: Plantlike Protists 20-2 Trichonympha produce cellulase. Live in guts of termites Digest wood 20-3 UNICELLULAR ALGAE perform photosynthesis. Contain chlorophyll a, b, and c and accessory pigments Euglenophytes have two flagella but no cell wall Reddish pigment called eyespot helps them find sunlight

20-3: Plantlike Protists Chrysophytes have gold-colored pigments Cell walls contain the carbohydrate PECTIN Diatoms produce thin cell walls rich in silicon (Si). Dinoflagellates are often luminescent. Photosynthetic Phytoplankton provide food ALGAL BLOOMS deplete nutrients and oxygen

Question of the Day APR 23 EOC REVIEW 27. Because the gene for hemophilia is located on the X- chromosome, it is normally impossible for a A. carrier mother to pass the gene to her son B. hemophiliac father to pass the gene on to his son C. hemophiliac father to pass the gene to his daughter D. carrier mother to pass the gene to her

DO NOW EOC REVIEW APR 23 Sally and her parents have an unusual trait which is carried on a dominant gene. • If Sally’s parents have another child, could he or she have the normal, recessive trait? • Could Sally have children with the normal, recessive trait? • Explain the factors that affect your conclusion.

AGENDA APRIL 23 OBJECTIVES: Compare algae to plants. Describe the process alternation of generations. 1. EOC REVIEW QUESTIONS 2. Finish Chapter 20 3. Review and HOMEWORK Ch 20 GUIDED READING PACKET DUE TOMORROW Answer Key will be posted on my webpage Chapter 19 and 20 TEST on FRIDAY APR 25

20-4: Red, Brown, Green Algae RED Algae live deep in the oceans Contain Phycobilins that absorb blue light BROWN Algae are multicellular Largest and most complex GREEN Algae are very similar to land plants Cell walls contain cellulose Contain Chlorophyll a and b Store food as Starch

ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS REFER to FIGURE 20-17 PAGE 513 Normal Living Conditions Unfavorable Living Conditions Haploid cells reproduce asexually Mitosis produces zoospores Zoospores genetically identical to the haploid cell that entered Mitosis Haploid cells undergo mitosis but release gametes Two mating types PLUS + and MINUS – + and – gametes fuse together Form a diploid zygote By MEIOSIS, zygote produces 4 haploid cells

Uses of ALGAE Source of Food Chemicals produced used in medicines and treatments Industrial uses in plastics, paints, and electronics Research uses in AGAR plates

20-5 Funguslike Protists Slime Molds recycle organic materials Reproduce asexually and sexually Cellular slime molds remain distinct and separated Acellular slime molds fuse together into plasmodia large cells with many nuclei Water Molds feed on dead/decaying matter

QUESTION OF THE DAY APR 24 Which plantlike protists have cell walls composed of silicon? A. Diatoms B. Chrysophytes C. Dinoflagellates D. Red Algae

DO NOW APR 24 Thinking and Analyzing Biological research has generated knowledge used to diagnose genetic disorders in humans. Explain how a specific genetic disorder can be diagnosed. Your answer must include at least: • the name of a genetic disorder that can be diagnosed • the name or description of a technique used to diagnose the disorder • a description of one characteristic of the disorder