Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University, New York, April Freight and the City: An Ambiguous Relationship Jean-Paul Rodrigue Associate Professor, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, New York, USA Van Horne Researcher in Transportation and Logistics, University of Calgary, Canada

Lets Meet the Couple… Problem Partners barely know one- another. Uncertain about the extent and depth of the relationship. Partners “misbehaving”. As is. Divorce. Counseling. Potential Solutions

Well, it could be worse…

Divorce is Not an Option… Core activities Central activities Peripheral activities Central area Major transport axis Nodal Multi-Nodal

Why City Logistics is Receiving a Growing Level of Attention? Globalization (fragmentation of production) Congestion (better usage of existing urban infrastructures) Energy & Environment (mitigating externalities)

Urban Transport: Assets versus Liabilities Assets (Freight Transport) Privately owned (profit driven). Low entry costs (wages and rates subject to market forces). Value added role (trade distance for cost). Support industrial, manufacturing and commercial activities. Liabilities (Public Transit) Publicly owned (politically motivated). Little or no competition permitted (wages and fares regulated). Social function / “public service” (provides accessibility and social equity). Limited relationships with economic activities.

The AND & IN of the Freight / City Relationship Freight AND the City The city as a unit of production, consumption and distribution. Freight IN the City Strategies to insure urban freight distribution (city logistics)

A - GLOBALIZATION AND MATERIAL FLOWS THE DRIVERS OF GLOBALIZATION GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS CONTAINERIZATION

The Drivers of Globalization Integration Regulatory chains. Harmonization of regulatory regimes. Trade agreements. Production Supply chains. Offshoring. Global production networks. Transportation Transport chains. Containerization. Transborder transportation. Transactions Information chains (ICT). Capital for investments. Credit for transactions.

Global Maritime Container Transport System Offshoring Costs / time / reliability Internalize efficiency

Commodity Chains and Added Value Commodity chain Added value Low High Manufacturing R&D Globalization Distribution Design Branding Marketing Sales / Service Concept Logistics

Supply Chains: Alternating First and Last Miles Extraction Processing Fabrication Assembly Distribution Retailing Logistics Chain 1 Transport Chain 1 LC 2 LC 3 Logistics Chain 4 TC 2 TC 3 TC 4 TC 5

The Container: An Ubiquitous Transport Unit…

… Adapted to a Wide Variety of Supply Chains

Configuration of a Maritime Container Terminal Near-dock rail terminal Empties Docking area Container crane Container storage Loading / unloading area On dock rail terminal Gate Administration Repair / maintenance Truck loading / unloading Chassis storage Rail Road 1 km

Port Elizabeth Intermodal Complex, Port of New York

Configuration of an Intermodal Rail Terminal Container / Chassis Pick Up / Drop Off / Storage Classification Yard Gate / Administration Repair / maintenance Chassis storage Intermodal Yard 1 km Rail Track OperationsStorage Yard OperationsGate Operations

BNSF Logistics Park Terminal, Joliet, Illinois

Warehousing, Cross-Docking and Transloading Suppliers Customers Receiving Shipping Sorting Distribution Center

Coping with Scarcity through Density: Hong Kong International Distribution Center

FREIGHT AND THE CITY THE MATERIAL CITY THE GATEWAY CITY LOGISTICS AND LAND USE

The Material City: Supply Chains and City Logistics Logistic Zones Intermodal Terminals Multinational corporations. Cities as production zones. Freight forwarders. Cities as freight distribution zones. Cities as consumption zones.

World’s Major Gateway Systems, Gateway Regions 90% of the World’s Freight Transport Pearl River Delta: 16.7%

China’s Special Economic Zones: Freight Transnationalism and Urbanism

Freight Distribution Dominating the City: Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam

Raritan Center (Freight Village), New Jersey Port of New York (20km) ► Raritan Center Heller Industrial Park Port Raritan

FREIGHT IN THE CITY (CITY LOGISTICS) URBAN DISTRIBUTION CHAINS URBAN MOBILITY DUALITY CHALLENGES TO CITY LOGISTICS

Main Urban Freight Distribution Systems ChainCharacteristics Independent retailing Small scale retailing activities. High frequency of deliveries (3 to 10 times per week). Use of own-account delivery vehicles; mostly small to medium sized. Limited freight reception facilities (the street as the delivery platform). Chain retailing Large stores and shopping centers. Provision of parking space and loading bays. Consolidated deliveries (large trucks). Reliance of third-party logistics services providers (urban distribution and outsourcing). Food deliveries Specialized supply chains with goods that are often perishable. Cold chain logistics; used heavily by fast food chains. Outdoor (central) markets (mostly in developing countries). Parcel and home deliveries Specialized parcel companies also involved in home deliveries. Large freight integrators (consolidation and deconsolidation of shipments) with a network of distribution centers. Fleet of delivery vehicles (small and medium-sized). Construction sites Construction and renewal of urban infrastructure. Different suppliers according to the construction phase. Large volumes and heavy trucks. Garbage collection and disposal Collection and disposal of wastes generated by daily urban activities. Reverse logistics and recycling.

Elements of City Logistics Central City Urban Logistics Zones Urban Freight Distribution Centers Urban Freight Stations Scope Proximity Suburbia Distribution Center A A B C D

Mitigation Strategies for Urban Freight Distribution StrategyAdvantagesDrawbacks Night deliveriesLess congestion and faster deliveries. No conflicts with commuting. Organization of labor and work shifts. Potential community disruptions (e.g. noise). Extended delivery windows More delivery options and less impacts at peak hours. Organization of labor and work shifts. Usage of urban freight distribution centers Better usage of delivery assets. Less congestion. Additional costs and potential delays due to consolidation. May not well service consignee delivery requirements (e.g. time). Local freight stations Less delivery parking. A single consolidation / deconsolidation location. Deliveries from freight station to consignee. Management costs for the freight station. Adapted vehiclesLess impact on local congestion. Easier to find a parking spot. Environmentally friendly vehicles. More journeys for shipments larger than the load unit. Additional costs. Designated delivery parking areas Better access to consignees. Less disruptive deliveries. Less parking space for passenger vehicles.

Typical Car and Truck Trips Distribution by Time of the Day

100 Most Congested Highway Intersections in the United States, 2006

Characteristics of Urban Deliveries from a Sample of French Cities

SOGARIS Urban Logistics Zone, Marseille

Motomachi UCC Employees Unloading a CNG Truck

Electrically Assisted Delivery Tricycles, Paris

Containerization and Urbanism…