School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Lecture 1: History of Rocketry and the American Space Program Marat Kulakhmetov

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 We choose to go to the moon and do the other things not because they are easy but because they are hard 4EXrQ 4EXrQ

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 3 The Origins Concepts required for rocket flight were developed in ancient times. –Archytas Wooden Pigeon –Hero Aeolipile  First true rockets were probably created by Chinese:  Gunpowder fireworks  Fire Arrows (1232 in a battle of Kai-Keng)  Wan-Hu rocket chair

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 4 Modern Rocketry Konstantin Tsiolkovsky – A Russian school teacher developed “The Rocket Equation” and proposed to use rockets for space flight in 1898 –He discovered the advantages of multiple stages Robert H. Goddard – Published “ A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes” that described sounding rockets – In 1926 he flew the first liquid-propellant rocket that climbed only 12.5 m –He also developed jet vanes, guidance control and many other rocket systems Dr. Werner Von Braun –Helped Develop the German V-2 Rocket –Was in charge of the American Space Program that lead to the Saturn V rocket

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 5 Space Race Sputnik October 4, 1957 Sputnik April 12, 1961

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 6 Mercury 1 and 2 Mercury 1: –November 21, 1960 –Four inch flight, improper launch pad separation Mercury 1A –Successful spacecraft qualification Mercury 2: –Jan 31, 1961 –Flown by Ham the Chimp –Besides higher stresses and capsule taking on water Ham Survived

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 7 Mercury ProgramLaunch Date AstronautDescription Redstone 3 May 5, 1961 Alan Shepard First American in space. Suborbital Redstone 4 July 21, 1961 Virgil Grissom Second American in space Atlas 6Feb 20, 1962 John GlenFirst American to orbit Earth 3 times Atlas 7May 24, 1962 Scott Carpenter Verify the results of Mercury-Atlas 6 Atlas 8Oct 3, 1962 Walter Schirra 6 orbits Atlas 9May 15, 1963 Gordon Cooper 22 orbits, 1 st live TV broadcast from space

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 8 Alan Shepard, First American in Space hIIc hIIc From Earth to the Moon

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 9

10 Gemini ProgramLaunch Date AstronautDescription 3Mar 23, 1965 Grissom, Yong Test flight of Gemini rocket 4June 3, 1965 McDivitt, White First 21 min EVA Titan II

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 11 Gemini 4 First space Walk, “ From The Earth to The Moon” OdOA&feature=related OdOA&feature=related

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 12 Gemini ProgramLaunch Date AstronautDescription 5Aug 21, 1965 Cooper, Conrad Evaluate guidance and navigation systems 7Dec 4, 1965 Corman, Lovell Stayed in space for 14 days, First rendezvous 6Dec 15, 1965 Schirra, Stafford Rendezvous with Gemini 7 8Mar 16, 1966 Armstrong, Scot First docking. First emergency in space 9Jun 3, 1966 Stafford, Cernan Docking with Agena but failed because it did not separate from shroud 10July 18, 1966 Yong, Collins First use of Agena propulsion system 11Sep 12, 1966 Conrad, Gordon Altitude record with Agena ( 740 mi) 12Nov 11, 1966 Lovell, Aldrin Record EVA ( 5h 30 min)

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 13 Gemini 8, Dealing with Emergencies PvqME&feature=related PvqME&feature=related

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 14 Apollo Part 3: Landing The Eagle, “When We Left Earth.” 51 min

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 15 Apollo ProgramLaunch Date AstronautDescription 1Jan 27, 1967 Grissom, White, Chaffee Crew died in a fire 7Oct 11, 1668 Schirra, Eisele, Cunningham First manned Apollo launch, First live TV broadcast 8Dec 21, 1968 Borman, Lovell, Aners First manned Saturn V launch, First humans to orbit the moon 9Mar 3, 1969 McDivitt, Scott, Schweickart First flight of the lunar module 10May 18, 1969 Stafford, Young, Cernan Test Lunar Module in Lunar Orbit 11July 16, 1969 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins FIRST MOON LANDING

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 16 Video Jyrk&feature=related Jyrk&feature=related

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 17 How big is the Saturn V?

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 18 Apollo Moon Landings ProgramLaunch Date AstronautDescription 12Nov 14, 1969 Conrad, Gordon, Bean 2 nd Moon landing First major Exp. 13Apr 11, 1970 Lovell, Swigert, Haise First deep space abort 14Jan 31, 1971 Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell Golfing on the moon 15July 26, 1971 Scott, Worden, Irwin First rover, first subsatellite, one of chutes failed on entry 16Apr 16, 1972 Young, Mattingly, Duke Highest landing site, land speed record (11 mi/h) 17Dec Cernan, Evans, Schmitt Last moon landing

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 19 Sky Lab MissLaunch DateAstronaut 1 SLJuly Unmanned 2 SLJune Conrad, Weitz, Kerwin 3 SLSep 25, 1973Bean, Lousma, Garriott 4 SLFeb 8, 1974Carr, Pogue, Gibson When Apollo was canceled, the last Saturn V rocket was used to launch Sky Lab Performed scientific experiments and observations of Earth and Sun Although 4 SL mission boost was expected to keep Skylab in orbit until STS (1980s), it actually re-entered in 1979

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 20 Space Shuttle Reusable launch system and orbital spacecraft Flown in Has a crew of 7 Used to launch satellites, planetary probes, telescopes, ISS, conduct experiments, etc. The only vehicle capable of returning things from space

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 21 Shuttle Launch Shuttle Takeoff WfyPE WfyPE Atlantis Landing yjSb8&feature=related yjSb8&feature=related

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 22 Shuttle Losses Challenger – Jan 28, 1986 –Due to cold weather an O-ring failed in flight allowing hot gasses to reach external tank Columbia – Feb 1, 2003 –On launch an ice fragment separated from the external tank and damaged the thermal protection system –Damaged thermal protection system failed during re-entry

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 23 International Space Station (ISS) Largest space station ever constructed Laboratory, Observatory and servicing station Partnership between USA Russia, Europe, and Japan Mean orbit of 173 mi and it needs to be boosted to higher orbit a few times each year

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 24 Tour of the ISS 1GEE 1GEE jnMTc&feature=related jnMTc&feature=related

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 25 The Constellation Program Goals: –Replace STS for missions to ISS –Land on the moon by 2020 –Land on mars by 2030 Components: –Ares I –Ares IV –Orion Spacecraft –Altair Lander (x4.5 than LM)

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 26 The Future 9vv9I&feature=channel_video_title 9vv9I&feature=channel_video_title

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 27 What is in the future? What should US do? What should the humanity do? Why should we go to space?

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 28 Who is Werner Von Braun ?

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 29 Who is Neil Armstrong

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 30 Who is Alan Shepard

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 31 Name the first 3 American space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 32 Note: Notes are posted on:

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 33 Credits Dr. Stephen Heister, “Analysis and Design of Chemical Rocket Propulsion Systems,” Purdue University Mark Hopper, “Throttle Up!,” US Space Camp “When We Left Earth, ” Discovery Channel “From Earth To The Moon,” HBO NASA Dozens of websites that I took pictures from Dozens of videos from youtube.

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 34 Water Bottle Rocket

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 35 Fundamental Geometry Sin (Angle) = Opposite / Hypotenuse Cos(Angle) = Adjacent / Hypotenuse Tan (Angle) =Opposite / Adjacent H^2 = A ^2 + O^2

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 36 Measuring the Height of the Rocket When we launch the rocket we : –Will know A ( how far we are away from launch pad) –Can measure X (angle from horizon to the rocket –Can calculate O ( height of the rocket) –O = A * Tan (Angle)