Sequencing a genome and Basic Sequence Alignment Lecture 10 1Global Sequence

Annotation of sequences Once the gene sequence’s have been determined then the data must be annotated: (Klug 2010) – Identify regulatory regions – Other sequences of interest: exons/ introns, coding sequences (cds), polyA signal – In protein annotation there are mRNA sequences – Other organisms where the DNA sequence/ AA sequence is to found – Journals/Reference to where data came from. – Refer to NCBI DNA sequence AA sequence for Leukocyte Elastase Gene for more detailed annotation recordDNA sequenceAA sequence 2Global Sequence

DNA recombinant technology DNA recombinant technology is essential to produce DNA sequences that can be used to analyse chapter 17 (klug 2010): – sequences in genes, – regulatory sequences – large DNA strands. Some of the important terms in this field, found in include: – Cloning DNA: making copies of DNA. – Restriction enzymes: cuts DNA at specific sites : vary in size from sites of 4bp to 8bp or longer; 4 bp cuts into fragments of 256 bp in size ; of 8 b.p 4 8 (64,000) b.p. ; e.g. EcoR1 site: GAATTC – Restriction maps: map of restriction enzyme sites (refer to figure 17.5 klug) 3Global Sequence

DNA recombinant technology – Plasmid Vectors: help insert the DNA fragment that needs cloned into a host cell. Inside the host cell both the vector and the DNA fragment are cloned. In the example a DNA fragment is inserted into the plasmid. The plasmid then inserted into the cost cells and produces many copies of itself. – The LacZ gene is used as a marker. If markers is disrupted then it means that the host cell has a plasmid vector (recombinant plasmid) in it

Sequencing DNA strands dATP is an adenine base nucleic acid ddATP is a modified adenine base which has a coloured florescent marker attached. In has the added property of terminating the elongation if chosen instead of dATP During the process all possible lengths of chain are produced. Lengths are separated based on weight and analysed to give The complementary sequence of the template strand. [ note the sequences in part 1 and part4]

GENOMES: Sequencing and assembling Plasmids and other recombinant DNA technology only produce relatively small DNA segments. To sequence an organism’ s entire genome : – Must use the “shot gun” approach Shot gun approach requires two genetic technologies and one computational technique: – Restriction enzymes: cut up denatured (ss)DNA – Fast DNA sequencing of fragments (sequences) – Combining overlapping contiguous DNA sequences 6Global Sequence

Overlapping Contiguous Fragments Adapted from [1] p Global Sequence

Overlapping Fragments: example Original sentence: This is DT228 bioinformatics course. Cut 2 copies of the sentence into fragmentes This is course DT228 bioinformatics This is DT228 Bioinformatics course 8Global Sequence

Overlapping Fragments: example Check for overlaps (prefix and suffix) This is This is DT228 DT228 bioinformatics bioinformatics course course Result of alignment of fragments is: – This is DT228 bioinformatics course 9Global Sequence

Overlapping Fragments: example Reconstruct the sentence from the following 2 sentences (same as the original) which have been randomly fragmented. – molto questa lingue. – mondo. ha dodici anni e – sono nato nel posto – inglese e mi piace – megliore nel – parlo io un pochino – – nel mondo. Ha dodici anni e parlo – piace molto questa lingue. – nel posto meglioare – un pochino inglese e mi – sono nato 10Global Sequence

Example of Contigs alignment: The above diagram shows an DNA example of how overlapping contiguous sequences are aligned. However it is an oversimplification as actual segments are many times larger than shown and overlapping does not always happen at then end of ends of segments. Adapted from: Klug 7 th p Global Sequence

Pair-wise sequence Alignment: A simple global match The assignment of residues-residue corresponds: A Global match: align all of one sequence with another. The figure shows to sequences of nucleic acids. Some have the same base (nucleic acid ) and so there is a match at this position between the strands. This is represented by a vertical line and a blue highlight. Others do not match and have no vertical line and blue highlight: these are unmatched pairs and correspond to substitutions. In DNA nucleic acids transitions A  > G and T  > C are the most common than transversions This figure adapted from Klug is a comparison of a “leptin gene” from a dog (top) and a homo sapiens (bottom) This technique of global alignment matching is important in the area of: Comparative genomics, homologous gene analysis and the development of evolutionary trees. 12Global Sequence

Global alignment: a small different size Example 1 I am from Cork I am not from Cork **** ( 4 matches out of 18; based on length of bottom string) Global Sequence13 Example 2 I am ---- from Cork I am not from Cork **** ********** (14 matches out of 18; based on length of bottom string) A Global alignment between sequence of difference sizes requires the inclusions of gaps [dash] in order to optimise the matching process. Example 1 with not inclusion of gaps produces a much lower number of matches than example 2 which includes dashes. the assumption is that the both strands are homologous [ have a common ancestor; were the same sequence] but are now different through a series substitution [mismatch], Deletions /insertions [gaps]

Example of alignment Nucleic acids Global Sequence14 tAdapted from Klug p. 384

Sequence alignment: Amino Acids Global Sequence15 “*” match; “-” gap; “:” conserved substitution “.”semi-conserved substitution. In DNA the sequence is most important in relation to its functionality however in proteins its final structure is most significant; while it relates to the sequence but also to: The property of amino acids plays a significant part in the final configuration (refer to lecture 3 slide 5). Amino Acids with similar properties /structure will have overlapping “effects” on the final 3-D structure of the protein. Therefore the type of substitutions must be extended to included this and so you can have conserved and semi-conserved substitutions

Sequence Alignment: pairwise : a local Match A local Match : find a region in one sequence that matches a region of another overhangs at the end are not treated as gaps A local match is generally used if there is a larger difference in size between the sequences In example – global Scores is 9 out of 13; – Local score is 8 out of 10 ( no overhangs…) Example Global Sequence16

Sequence Alignment: pairwise : a motif match Motif (small region) match A motif match can find: a “perfect match between a small sequence and one or more regions in a larger sequence. This plays an important part in looking for repeating sequences [tandem repeats], and other “relatively small” regions that may be conserved between organisms The motif match like the others of course does not have to be “perfect” example not I am not from Cork *** Global Sequence17

Multiple alignment: many sequences Similar to the previous except you look for areas conserved between all the sequences in the alignment: My name is denis and I am from cork My name is kieran and I am not from cork We name the dog “canis familiaris” name Programs like clustaW are used to align multiple sequences which can be used to check for conserved motifs/sequences in many species: often for phylogenetic relationshipsclustaW Global Sequence18

Exam Questions Explain, using suitable examples, the “shot- gun” genomic alignment approach and why it has become the dominant method for analysing genomes. DNA Sequences alignment matching can take a number of forms; describe the different types of matching. Explain how the different types of point mutations are incorporated into the sequence alignment matching process. Discuss why the inclusions of “gaps” in to a matching alignment increase the degree of matching and explain what these gaps mean and what it means for the aligned sequences.