Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Kay Haralson and Loretta Griffy, APSU November 6, 2008 Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder National Council of Teachers of Mathematics 2008 Regional Conference and Exposition Reno, Nevada November 6, 2008 NCTM Regional Reno, NV November 6, 2008

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Speaker Information Kay Haralson, Associate Professor/Activity Coordinator, Student Success Specialist, Title III Grant, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN, haralsonk@apsu.edu Dr. Loretta Griffy, Associate Professor of Mathematics, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN, griffyl@apsu.edu

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Definitions of Dyscalculia “The complexity of numerical processing has made defining what it means to have a specific mathematical learning disability (dyscalculia) difficult.” (Butterworth, 2003) No universal definition (a few samples) Difficulties in performing mathematics calculations of certain types (www.dyscalculiainfo.org) An unexpected difficulty that some people have in dealing with mathematical problems (Attwood) Having huge problems in math, in spite of being of normal intelligence (www.dys.dk)

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Definitions of Dyscalculia A condition that affects the ability to acquire arithmetic skills. Dyscalculia learners may have difficulty understanding simple number concepts, lack an intuitive grasp of numbers and have problems learning number facts and procedures. Even if they produce a correct answer or use a correct method, they may do so mechanically and without confidence.” (The Department of Education and Skills, London, 2001) A term referring to a wide range of life-long learning difficulties involving math. There is no single form of math disability, and difficulties vary from person to person and affect people differently in school and throughout life. (www.ld.org)

Kay Haralson and Loretta Griffy, APSU Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Kay Haralson and Loretta Griffy, APSU November 6, 2008 Diagnostic Criteria for Mathematics Disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, American Psychiatric Association) Mathematical ability, as measured by individually administered standardized tests, is substantially below that expected given the person’s chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The math difficulties significantly interfere with academic achievement or activities of daily living that require mathematical ability. If a sensory deficit is present, the difficulties in mathematics ability are in excess of those usually associated with it. NCTM Regional Reno, NV November 6, 2008 NCTM Regional Reno, NV November 6, 2008 5

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Skills Impaired in Mathematics Disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, American Psychiatric Association) “Linguistic” skills: understanding or naming mathematical terms, operations, or concepts, and decoding written problems into mathematical symbols “Perceptual” skills: recognizing or reading numerical symbols or arithmetic signs and clustering objects into groups “Attention” skills: copying numbers or figures correctly, remembering to add in “carried” numbers, and observing operational signs “Mathematical” skills: following sequences of mathematical steps, counting objects, and learning multiplication tables

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Underlying Causes Possible genetic anomaly, there is a strong genetic influence on the development of mathematical skills. (www.teachingexpertise.com) It is thought that the ability to do math resides in the parietal lobe of the brain. One study in the United Kingdom provides evidence that dyscalculia is caused by malformations in this portion of the brain. (www.labnews.com.uk,www.youramazingbrain.org)

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Underlying Causes Visual-spatial difficulties-trouble processing what the eye sees. (www.ldonline.org) Weakness in visual processing of numbers and mathematical situations. (www.ldonline.org) Auditory processing difficulties - trouble processing and making sense of what the ear hears. (www.ldonline.org)

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Underlying Causes (www.ldonline.org) Attention deficits Memory problems Information processing deficits Motor disabilities Problems with sequencing, organizing information Problems with understanding concepts and symbols

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Prevalence of Dyscalculia Dyscalculia is just as prevalent as dyslexia and ADHD; around 5% of the population (www.labnews.co.uk) 5-8% of school age children (Strauss, 2003) 3-6% of population (www.bda.dyslexia.org) 6-7% of school age children (www.ldonline.org) 1% of all children (www.dys.dk) 1% of all school age children have Mathemtics Disorder (DSM-IV-TR, 2000) 5-6% of all children (Adler, 2001)

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Symptoms or Warning Signs by Age Young Children (www.ld.org, www.teachingexpertise.com) There may be an impaired sense of number size, affecting the comparison of numbers, etc. Difficulty learning to count Trouble recognizing printed numbers Difficulty with connecting the idea of a number with what it represents in the real world

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Symptoms or Warning Signs by Age Young Children (www.ld.org) Poor memory for numbers Trouble organizing things in a logical way, sorting by shape, size, color, etc. Trouble recognizing groups and patterns Trouble comparing and contrasting, smaller/larger, taller/shorter

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Symptoms or Warning Signs by Age School Age Children (www.ld.org) Trouble learning math facts Difficulty developing math problem solving skills Will not notice visual patterns such as 10, 20, 30. Poor long term memory for math functions Not familiar with math vocabulary Difficulty with measuring things

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Symptoms or Warning Signs by Age School Age Children (www.ld.org) Avoiding games that require strategy Visual-spatial difficulties hinder comprehension of written mathematics Difficulties reading a clock Problems with time perceptions, leads to problems with planning time required to complete a task

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Symptoms or Warning Signs by Age School Age Children (www.teachingexpertise.com) Relies on tangible supports such as fingers, tally marks Slowness in given answers to math questions Difficulty with estimation and approximation Difficulty recognizing what arithmetical operation is required in a problem Easily overloaded with pages/worksheets full of figures

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Symptoms or Warning Signs by Age Teenagers and Adults (www.ld.org) Difficulty estimating cost (shopping, groceries) Difficulty learning math concepts beyond basic math facts Poor ability to budget or balance a check book Trouble with concepts of time, such as going by a schedule or approximating time

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Symptoms or Warning Signs by Age Teenagers and Adults (www.ld.org) Trouble with mental math Difficulty finding different approaches to one problem Trouble with visualizing patterns, different parts of a math problem, or identifying critical information needed in problem solving

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Signs That Difficulties With Math are Beyond “Normal” (www.ld.org, www.as.wvu.edu, www.dyscalculia.org, www.teachingexpertise.com) Good in verbal skills, but difficulty with math skills Good memory for printed words, but difficulty reading numbers or recalling numbers in sequence Good with general math concepts, but frustrated when specific computation or organization skills need to be used Difficulty with position and spatial organization

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Signs That Difficulties With Math are Beyond “Normal” (www.ld.org, www.as.wvu.edu, www.dyscalculia.org) Trouble with the concept of time: late, doesn’t remember schedules, can’t approximate how long a task will take, confused on past/future events Poor sense of direction, confusion on left/right orientation Reliance on imitation and rote learning instead of understanding

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Signs That Difficulties With Math are Beyond “Normal” (www.ld.org, www.as.wvu.edu, www.dyscalculia.org) Poor long term memory, will know math facts one day, not remember the next Easily disoriented and easily confused by changes in routine Fails to see big financial picture History of academic failure contributing to the development of learned helplessness in mathematics

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Identifying Dyscalculia (www.ldonline.org, www.dyscalculiainfo.org) Should include a one-to-one mathematics interview, including the use of manipulatives, i.e. coins, base ten block, geoboards, Cuisenaire rods, tangrams, calculator. The interview should: * focus on how the child does the mathematics * explore the child’s ability to compute, make predictions based on understanding patterns, sort in a logical way, organize space with flexibility, and to measure

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Identifying Dyscalculia (www.ldonline.org, www.dyscalculiainfo.org) * note strengths and weaknesses * note whether child talks to herself, draws a picture to help understand a situation, asks for problem to be repeated * see if child has the capacity to estimate before doing computations

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Identifying Dyscalculia (www.ldonline.org, www.dyscalculiainfo.org) There are no universally accepted tests for diagnosing dyscalculia, however some tests have been developed: Dyscalculia Screener, developed by Prof. Brian Butterworth in London, is a “computer-based assessment that indicates dyscalculia tendencies by measuring pupil’s response time as well as the accuracy of their answers.” (www.gl-assessment.co.uk/education/resources/dyscalculia_screener) On-line diagnosis: The diagnosis does not carry official status, but you can obtain a letter of diagnosis, cost of $625. www.dyscalculia.org/diagnosis.html

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Identifying Dyscalculia (www.ldonline.org, www.dyscalculiainfo.org) The Dyscalculia Centre provides a list of various diagnostic tools to evaluation students for dyscalculia at the following website www.dyscalculia.me.uk/testing.html including: Quick test: A list of 24 points to look for Comparative test: Provided in the book Tests of Dyscalculia by Tony Attwood. Computer test: Dyscalculia Screener Educational psychologist test: Test done by a private psychologist

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Strategies to Help Students with Dyscalculia (www.ldonline.org, www.ld.org, www.as.wvu.edu) First step must be to identify a student’s strengths and weaknesses, understand how a student learns best Use tutoring outside the classroom, with a one-on-one instructor Provide a distraction free place to work Encourage repeated reinforcement and specific practice

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Strategies to Help Students with Dyscalculia (www.ldonline.org, www.ld.org, www.as.wvu.edu) Use graph paper to organize work and ideas Use different approaches to memorizing math facts, formulas, rules, etc. Practice estimating as a first step to solve a problem Encourage students to work hard to “visualize” math problems, draw pictures, look at diagrams, etc.

Kay Haralson and Loretta Griffy, APSU November 6, 2008 Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Strategies to Help Students with Dyscalculia (www.ldonline.org, www.ld.org, www.as.wvu.edu) Encourage verbalizing while problem solving, this uses auditory skills which may be a strength Try to relate problems to real life experiences Provide uncluttered worksheets, preferably lined Use rhythm or music to help memorize math facts, etc. NCTM Regional Reno, NV November 6, 2008

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Strategies to Help Students with Dyscalculia (www.ldonline.org, www.ld.org, www.as.wvu.edu) If possible, let student take tests one-on-one in the instructors presence. Allow extra time to complete work if needed Be aware if students become panicky, provide reassurance Monitor student progress on a frequent basis

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder Strategies to Help Students with Dyscalculia (www.ldonline.org, www.ld.org, www.as.wvu.edu) Teach important concepts to mastery If needed, allow calculator use for basic operations to allow focus on problem solving BE PATIENT- Math can be a traumatic experience and is highly emotional because of past failures.

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder References Adler, Bjorn. What is Dyscalculia?, 2001, www.dyscalculiainfo.org Attwood, Tony. “Dyscalculia and Dyslexia, Two different issues, or part of the same problem”, First and Best in Education, Ltd., www.firstandbest.co.uk The British Dyslexia Association, www.bda-dyslexia.org.uk Butterworth, Brian., Yeo, D. “Dyscalculia Guidance”, nferNelson, London, 2004. Chinn, Steve. “Dealing with Dyscalculia, Sum Hope2, Souvenir Press, London, England, 2007.

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder References Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 2000. The Dyscalculia Centre, www.dyscalculia.me.uk/testing.html Geary, David C. “Mathematics Disabilities, What We Know and Don’t Know”, www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/math_skills/geary_math_dis.h tml

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder References Mercer, Cecil D. and Susan P. Miller, “Educational Aspects of Mathematics Disabilities”, Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol 30, No. 1, pp 47-56, Jan/Feb 1997, www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/math_skills/mathld_mercer .html National Center for Learning Disabilities, www.ld.org Strauss, Valerie. “Trying to Figure Out Why Math is So Hard for Some, Theories Abound: Genetics, Gender, How It’s Taught”, Washington Post, Dec. 2, 2003, www.washingtonpost.com/wp_dyn/articles/A26826- 2003dec1.html

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder References West Virginia University, www.as.wvu.edu/~scidis/dyscalcula.html Wright, C. Christina. “Learning Disabilities in Mathematics”, www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/math_skills/math_1.html www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/08/2268573.htm?section=world Dyscalculia more common than dyslexia study www.autismcoach.com/Schools.htm Provides information about ordering testing materials. www.dys.dk/eng/dysk.html On dyslexia, dyscalculia and language impairments

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder References www.dyscalculia.me.uk/testing.html Information about testing www.dyscalculia.org Math Learning Disability Resource www.dyscalculia.org.uk United Kingdom Dyscalculia website www.dyscalculiainfo.org Info from Cognitive Centre Sweden www.gl-assessment.co.uk/education/resources/dyscalculia_screener Provides information about Dyscalculia Screener www.labnews.co.uk/printer_friendly.php/1834/study-is-breakthrough- for-dyscalculia-sufferers Study is breakthrough for dyscalculia sufferers

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder References www.mathematicalbrain.com/int02.html Interview with Brian Butterworth on The Mathematical Brain. March 2000. www.teachingexpertise.com Strategies for Changing Behavior website www.youramazingbrain.org/brainchanges/dyscalculia.htm “Dyscalculia: Numbers, numbers everywhere . . .” www.youramazingbrain.org/newresearch/bornmaths.htm “Born Good at maths?”

Dyscalculia: The Misunderstood Learning Disorder To obtain a copy of this power point presentation go to: www.apsu.edu/haralsonk and click on Dyscalculia Presentation or email Kay at haralsonk@apsu.edu Thank you for your attention!