Flare waves and the impulsive phase H. S. Hudson Space Sciences Laboratory University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley 2/2/10 Global Waves Interplanetary shock (SSC) * ; Type II burst; Moreton wave; seismic wave Major controversy on the interpretation of the metric type II and Moreton wave: is it a blast wave (two-wavism) or is it a CME-driven bow shock (one-wavism)? The Uchida (1968) theory unified the global waves in the corona. How do the interior seismic wave fit in? * Storm Sudden Commencement

Berkeley 2/2/10 The “impulsive” phase Synchrotron radiation and hard X-ray bremsstrahlung Deep atmospheric effects (the UV/WL/IR emission) Non-thermal signatures The Neupert effect:

The “impulsive” phase Berkeley 2/2/10 Benz, 2002http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/browser

The Carrington Flare, 1859 Berkeley 2/2/10 (Chapman & Bartels)

Berkeley 2/2/10 (Chapman & Bartels) The Carrington Flare, 1859

Moreton Wave 6 Dec Berkeley 2/2/10

1844 UT The wave appears near the peak of the impulsive phase of the high-energy flare … Kaufmann et al. (2008)

Metric type II burst Berkeley 2/2/10 frequency time Slow drift to low frequencies Plasma frequency Shock acceleration of e -

Global wave seen in STEREO Berkeley 02/02/10

Berkeley 2/2/10 Seismic waves schematic Photosphere Interior

Berkeley 2/2/10 Seismic Wave, 9 July 1996 (Kosovichev & Zharkova 1997)

Berkeley 2/2/10 Seismic Wave, 15 January 2005 (Moradi et al. 2007)

Berkeley 2/2/10 The same temporal filter applied to the white-light emission and acoustic source

Berkeley 2/2/10 Comparison of wave energies* IP shock: ~10% (Mewaldt) Moreton wave: >10 -4 (Gilbert) Seismic wave: ~10 -4 (Lindsey) *based on CME = flare = 1 (Emslie et al. 2005)

Berkeley 2/2/10 Magnetic changes during flares “Confusogram” legend: 10x10 2.5” pixels 240 minutes time base 500 G magnetic range (Sudol & Harvey 2005)

Berkeley 2/2/10 TRACE: dimming, implosion, oscillations

Berkeley 2/2/10 Wave tracing The Huyghens principle is necessary and sufficient (Wills-Davey & Thompson et al. 1999) Using it we can track either coronal or seismic waves back to the source The holographic technique works well for seismic waves

Berkeley 2/2/10 Flare/CME timing Zarro et al 1999Zhang et al 2001 DimmingCME speed vs time

Berkeley 2/2/10 Flare energy Woods et al 2004 Hudson et al 2006 In time In space

Cartoons Berkeley 2/2/10 Hudson 2000 Welsch 2008 Fletcher & Hudson 2008 Liu et al

Berkeley 2/2/10 Wave origins The coronal wave could be either a blast wave (Uchida) or else a CME bow wave The origin of the coronal wave could be either in a pressure pulse, or via the Lorentz force - n.b. the corona has low plasma beta The seismic wave requires momentum transfer at or below the photosphere “…CMEs display an impulsive acceleration phase that coincides very well with the flare’s rise phase…” (J. Zhang et al., 2001)

Berkeley 2/2/10 CMEless X-class flare Gopalswamy et al. 2009

Berkeley 2/2/10 CMEless X-class flares Gopalswamy et al. 2009

Berkeley 2/2/10 LASCO shock signatures Ontiveros & Vourlidas. 2009

Berkeley 2/2/ April 2 Examples from Vourlidas et al. 2003

Berkeley 2/2/10 Coronal waves CMEless flares have an upper cutoff in energy, implying environmental control of CME occurrence The CME acceleration phase matches the flare impulsive phase The lack of type II bursts with CMEless X-class flares implies that the Uchida-type wave is too weak

Berkeley 2/2/10 An interesting problem in mathematical physics? In Uchida theory, the coronal blast wave refracts into the chromosphere to produce the Moreton wave In the CME bow shock configuration, this physics is different and needs to be worked out - The math may have been done by Kelvin, but it is not easy to identify in modern literature The problem: How do we understand the transport of energy along the flanks of the coronal bow shock?

Berkeley 2/2/10 Conclusions Coronal and seismic waves originate in the impulsive phase of a flare A CME (ie, unconstrained perpendicular outflow) is necessary for the generation of a coronal wave The waves in general illuminate the nature of the flare/CME restructuring There are some theoretical problems - behavior of shock flanks - conjecture on vector field change

Slides nobody needs to see Berkeley 2/2/10

Seismic Wave, 29 October 2003 (Donea & Lindsey 2005)

Berkeley 2/2/10 33 Subtracted Doppler Images (R-B Wing) Showing Down-Up Pattern 18:44 UT 18:47 UT 18:50 UT18:52 UT