Supplying Power for Implantable Biosensors Introduction to Biosensors , Group Members: Sujith Kana Jesse Vengren

Abstract Powering implantable biosensors is difficult. Do not what to limit the subjects movement or impede them in anyway. Want it to be minimally invasive Want the power supply to last Do not to want to constantly replacing them Miniaturization is critical

Background Biosensors thou are fad in the current decade, they have been there since early 1970’s. Powering up the biosensor was a challenge even in 1970’s Earliest application was pace maker Mercury-Zinc was powering the pacemaker Nuclear fueled cells considered as an option!

Energy Harvesting Gathering energy from environment the device is in Many different energy harvesting techniques: wind, solar, kinetic, thermal Not every one is appropriate for implantable biosensors

Kinetic Energy Using the motion of the body to generate power. Three methods to turn mechanical into electric energy Electromagnetic, Electrostatic, and Piezoelectric

Electromagnetic Uses the change in magnetic flux to create power Generated by moving a coil through a magnetic field Relatively simple Same Method used in watches

Electrostatic Uses variable capacitors Changes in the distance between the plates to change either current or voltage This type of kinetic energy is used in MEMS Works well at low power

Piezoelectric By deforming piezoelectric material you can generate a voltage Out side of the body it is easy to create mechanical deformation Hard to find a natural body motion to create deformation

Issues with Kinetic Energy Moving parts wear out Electrostatic requires preexisting Charge For Piezoelectric need to be able to cause mechanical deformation

Thermal Energy Uses temperature difference to create voltage Seebeck Effect: Voltage is generated due to a difference in temperature between two junctions of dissimilar metals Many thermocouples in series to create thermopile

Issues with Thermal Energy To need large Δ T for single thermocouple Internal temperature change is small When Δ T is small one thermocouple does not generate much energy Size becomes and issue.

Acoustic Power Application of piezoelectric kinetic energy Power by acoustic waves Waves generated outside the body transmit power to implanted device Antenna similar to speaker cone receives acoustic wave and deforms piezoelectric material

Fuel Cell Sir William Grove found it in 1839 On chip power for microelectronics Traditional Fuel cells vs Biological Fuel Cells Powered by Sacccharomyces Cerevisiae

Conventional Fuel Cell

Fuel Cell Continued…

Discussion

1. Yeast 2. Cell Inoculum 3. Temperature 4. Glucose Concentration 5. Stagnant vs Agitated solution 6. Aerobic vs Anaerobic Condition 7. Active and Reserve Configuration

Discussion ctnd… 1. Yeast

Discussion Cntd… 2. Temperature

Discussion Cntd… 3. Glucose Concentration

Discussion Cntd… 4. Stagnant vs Agitated Solution

Discussion Cntd 5. Aerobic vs Anaerobic Condition

Discussion Cntd 6. Active and Reserve Configuration

Issues of Biological fuel cells Micro watts of power generation Performance over time Environmental conditions Electrochemical contact of the micro- organism Cost

RF Power Amplifier Inductive Coupling Rectifier DC Regulator Figure 1: Simplified RF Powering System (ref 1)

RF Power continued…

Issues of RF power Changes in coupling coefficient Confined to lab Heating of tissues Dependence on patient compliance Possible RF interference

Conclusion There are many possible option for powering implantable biosensors Each method has its pros and cons Some are closer to being reality then others Technology is constantly advancing

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