4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait The plus-que-parfait is used to talk about what someone had done or what had occurred before another past action, event, or state. Like the passé composé, the plus-que- parfait uses a form of avoir or être in this case, the imparfait plus a past participle. Quand Walid et Leïla ont parlé, elle lui avait déjà téléphoné plusieurs fois.

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait voterfinirperdre javais voté tu avais voté il/elle avait voté nous avions voté vous aviez voté ils/elles avaient voté javais fini tu avais fini il/elle avait fini nous avions fini vous aviez fini ils/elles avaient fini javais perdu tu avais perdu il/elle avait perdu nous avions perdu vous aviez perdu ils/elles avaient perdu

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait RECENT PASTREMOTE PAST Nous lui avons dit We told her que Sarkozy avait gagné les élections. that Sarkozy had won the election. RECENT PASTREMOTE PAST Laccusé souriait The accused was smiling parce que les juges ne lavaient pas mis en prison. because the judges had not put him in prison.

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait Recall that some verbs of motion, as well as a few others, take être instead of avoir as the auxiliary verb in the passé composé. Use the imparfait of être to form the plus-que- parfait of such verbs and make the past participle agree with the subject. Les avocats ne savaient pas que vous étiez déjà partie. The lawyers didnt know that you had already left. On a découvert que les victimes étaient mortes à la suite de leurs blessures. They discovered that the victims had died of their injuries.

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait Use the imparfait of être as the auxiliary for reflexive and reciprocal verbs. Make agreement whenever you would do so for the passé composé. Avant le dîner, le président et sa femme sétaient levés pour recevoir les invités. Before dinner, the president and his wife had gotten up to welcome the guests. Il ne savait pas que nous nous étions téléphoné hier soir. He didnt know that we had phoned each other last night.

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait M. Vartan a reçu une amende. Il ne sétait pas arrêté au feu.

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait In all other cases as well, agreement of past participles in the plus-que-parfait follows the same rules as in the passé composé. La police a trouvé les armes quil avait cachées. The police found the weapons that he had hidden. Le président a signé la loi que le congrès avait approuvée. The president signed the law that the congress had passed.

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait Use the plus-que-parfait to emphasize that something happened in the past before something else happened. Use the passé composé to describe completed events in the more recent past and the imparfait to describe conditions or habitual actions in the more recent past. Action in remote past...completed action in recent past Lactiviste navait pas fini de parler quand vous avez coupé le micro. The activist hadnt finished talking when you cut off the microphone. Condition in recent past...action in remote past Il y avait des drapeaux partout parce que le président était arrivé la veille. There were flags everywhere because the president had arrived the day before.

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait ATTENTION! In informal speech, speakers of English sometimes use the simple past to imply the past perfect. In French, you still use the plus-que-parfait. Le voleur a cherché les papiers que lavocate avait posés sur son bureau. The thief looked for the papers that the lawyer placed (had placed) on her desk.

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait The plus-que-parfait is also used after the word si to mean if only… (something else had taken place). It expresses regret. Si javais su que tu avais un plan! If only I had known you had a map! Si seulement il nétait pas arrivé en retard! If only he hadnt arrived late!

4.1 © and ® 2012 Vista Higher Learning, Inc The plus-que-parfait To say that something had just happened in the past, use a form of venir in the imparfait + de + the infinitive of the verb that describes the action. Je venais de raccrocher quand le téléphone a sonné de nouveau. I had just hung up when the phone rang again. Le président venait de signer laccord quand on a entendu lexplosion. The president had just signed the treaty when we heard the explosion.