ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Assessing Research Integration: Testing a conceptual framework using PRIME as an example Terttu Luukkonen and Maria Nedeva Conference: How Does Research Integration Work? 17 June, 2008 Brussels, Marriot Hotel

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Contents What are our assumptions about integration in research? What are their implications for the empirical study of integration in PRIME? Findings from the study of the PRIME Network of Excellence Conclusions

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Assumptions about integration What is integration? Level of cohesion and its measurement Integrative mechanisms as catalysts for integration Expectations of utility in exchange relationships

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY What is integration? Integration is largely the process of forming an entity from constituent parts Where groups are concerned increasing the level of integration actually means increasing the level of cohesiveness within the group The level of cohesiveness is likely to increase if expectations of utility prevail in the group ‘Patterns of relationships’ or social structure and their analytical importance

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Level of cohesion and its measurement Relationships and interactions as a feature of the entity Relationships are founded on exchange Levels of cohesion are measured by the strength of interactions within the entity In network analysis the density of the network is used as a measure of cohesion

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Integrative mechanisms as catalysts for integration Integrative mechanisms are what brings and keeps an entity together Entities vary immensely and so do specific integrative mechanisms Integrative mechanisms in the context of research

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Expectations of utility in exchange relationships For integration to occur and persist actors ought to have mutually compatible expectations of utility Failure to integrate means either that the expectations of utility are incompatible or that the integrative mechanism is inappropriate

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY What are the implications for the empirical study of integration in PRIME? Integration in the area of PRIME: –At the level of epistemic community: New entity would be an epistemic community clustering around a more coherent body of knowledge –At organisational level: Integration would imply a level of alignment in terms of management practices, shared research strategies, common and compatible training practices and movement of people

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Implications for PRIME Level of cohesion and its measurement: –Strength of interactions within the entity (the density of the network) Integrative mechanisms: –Funding for research projects, training and PhD circulation, indicators, databases Expectations of utility in exchange relationships: –New knowledge, new competencies, researchers entering new research areas

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Findings from the study of the PRIME Network of Excellence Data sources Survey with PRIME individual participants and member institutes (Heads of Lab) at the end of 2004 and 2007 –2007 a separate survey with PhD students Interviews with the Heads of PRIME member labs (institutes) in 2004 and 2007 Management information on PRIME funded projects and activities Reports of PRIME projects

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Level of cohesion: Networks: methodological points The collaboration matrices use participation data in PRIME funded projects These have been weighted: 1-4 to indicate degree or intensity of collaboration: –Weight 4 was given to research projects involving most intensive collaboration –Weight 1 to activities such as organisation of workshops or winter and summer schools –OBS! no weighting given to just attendance in workshops or winter and summer schools or other indications of chance meetings

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Labs, 2004

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Labs, 2007

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Networks among Labs (=institutes) Network density at the institute level increased significantly during PRIME (from 0.18 to 0.45) Core of institutes developed Bridging institutes Practically all PRIME member institutes became part of the network

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Individuals, 2004, threshold at least 4 links

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Individuals, 2007, threshold 4 links

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Networks among individuals Network density increased, although less sharply than among the institutes (0.28 to 0.35) Network components not bridged in 2004, were powerfully bridged by 2007 indicating both cognitive and social integration Funding for networking was ongoing at the time of the analysis

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Integrative mechanisms in PRIME: 1. Funding for research projects Most projects were exploratory by nature and this enabled processes of: –Reframing the research questions of the field –Making epistemic shifts –People moving to new cognitive areas –High impact on reshaping the research agenda of the research field

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY 2. Training and PhD circulation Progress in terms of labs sending their post-graduate students for shorter and longer visits to other labs Common training in PhD winter and summer schools, and conferences –students questioned epistemic assumptions more often than other PRIME researchers (52% vs. 23%) Creation of joint Master programmes was faced with administrative and governance hindrances

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY 3. Indicators Some, but less than expected, progress in harmonisation of classifications and establishment of common nomenclatures However, the creation of a European indicator platform for the design of new indicators in higher education provides one of the preconditions for continued, though perhaps slowly progressing integration A less effective integrative mechanism because of the nature of the field

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY 4. Databases Shared use of databases was limited to particular projects and the life-time of projects Little progress in joint use in general Administrative and governance hindrances A less effective integrative mechanism because of the nature of the field

ELINKEINOELÄMÄN TUTKIMUSLAITOS THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE FINNISH ECONOMY Conclusions: Preconditions for continued integration First indications of integrative steps towards the development of an entity (epistemic community): –Common training and circulation of young people –Clustering around common themes –Questioning of epistemic assumptions, particularly by young people Organisations played a less important role –Management and governance systems provide hindrances –Increased alignment of management, evaluation and other procedures could facilitate interactions, but is not vital for integrative processes –Expected utility of alignment not evident for organisations