EUROPE II Review Questions? Europe Industrial location Cities Supranationalism

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ‘industrial intensification’ Developed 1 st in the UK between Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst for increased urbanization Diffuses outward into Western Europe

Heavy Industy: Iron, coal, heavy industry 4 motors Barcelona, Lyon, Milan, Stuttgart

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY Alfred Weber Industrial location theory Focused on transportation costs Identified agglomerative and deglomerative forces Relevant to early iron and steel: heavy industries

Movement across geographic space Involves flows of goods, people or information Principles COMPLEMENTARITY TRANSFERABILITY INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY SPATIAL INTERACTION What unifies Europe?

Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands. One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area. Germany Italy COMPLEMENTARITY

The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost Value of good per unit volume or weight Rivers, mountain passes, road networks may limit transferability Advances in transportation technology TRANSFERABILITY

The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites Would Austrian beer be cheaper to import into Italy? INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY

URBAN TRADITION URBANIZATION RELATED CONCEPTS Central city Metropolitan region Federation Functional urban region

POPULATION DENSITY Population Density: persons per square mile Urbanization: 73% EUROPE

The term may be a political designation for a uniform region Refers to an incorporated municipal entity that is governed by some kind of council Megacity Core district in a larger metropolitan region CBD may also be called “The City” E.g. “City of London” – mile square walled city CITIES

Central City Outer suburban municipalities Metropolitan Region Functional region

Metropolitan Region Greater London Authority 32 boroughs 20 = City of London 19 = Westminster 21 = Tower Hamlets Metropolitan federation

Contrasts High population density Apartments or ‘flats’ Public transportation Land scarcity Centralized urban planning European versus North American Cities Alicante, Spain

Falling share of the world’s population Fertility at an all-time low Population Growth Rate: 0% Birth Rate: 10 births/1,000 Death Rate: 11 deaths/1,000 TFR: 1.4, Spain is 1.3 Population implosion Aging Fewer young people Smaller working age population Population of Europe

Migration: In and Out Emigration Immigration Asylum seekers Guest workers/excolonial immigrants France – Algeria Spain – Morocco Netherlands – Indonesia Germany - Turkey Britain – Caribbean/West Africa/ South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan)

WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR EUROPE? UNIFICATION? INSTABILITY? Maastricht, City Hall

Supranationalism A venture involving three or more states Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives “Euro” € 1 Jan 2002

European Supranationalism Why would anyone want to give away international autonomy, one of the most sought after goals in this century? 1944 Benelux Agreement Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg

History of European Supranationlism 1947 – MARSHALL PLAN Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) Council of Europe ECSC Treaty of Rome (‘the six’) EEC effective EFTA signed EEC-ESC-EURATOM 1973 – EEC EU

Primary function of the OEEC To accept and distribute funds allocated under the Marshall Plan Developed by the U.S. to assist the rebuilding of European countries at the end of WW II History of European Supranationlism

European Union (EU) Original Members: (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK Effective: 1 November 1993 Aimed to coordinate policy among the members in three fields: -- economics -- defense -- justice and home affairs

European Supranationalism EU Members Non-members Prospective members Unwilling members

Supranationalism Issues Loss of autonomy Disparities in levels of economic development & transfer payments Technical barriers Cultural barriers Agricultural policy

European Regions Western Europe The British Isles Nordic Europe Mediterranean Europe Eastern Europe