Ch 33 The Great War The Drift Toward War
The Alliances: Triple Alliance Triple Alliance= Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Franco-Prussian War German victory under Bismarck's leadership German victory under Bismarck's leadership Peace treaty imposed policies isolating France Peace treaty imposed policies isolating France Bismarck's alliance with Austria-Hungary A-H's expansion into Balkans conflicted with Russia A-H's expansion into Balkans conflicted with Russia "Europe's Central Powers" joined in a defensive military alliance "Europe's Central Powers" joined in a defensive military alliance
Italy joins the Central Powers' defensive military alliance in 1882 France seized Tunisia thwarting Italian plans France seized Tunisia thwarting Italian plans The Triple Alliance was complete The Triple Alliance was completeWeaknesses Italy's historic enmity for Austria-Hungary Italy's historic enmity for Austria-Hungary Italy's desire for remaining Italian-inhabited Austrian territories Italy's desire for remaining Italian-inhabited Austrian territories
The Alliances: Triple Entente Triple Entente= France, Russia, and Britain The common enemy: Germany Germans took the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine Germans took the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine Germany refused to renew its treaty of friendship with Russia Germany refused to renew its treaty of friendship with Russia The Dual Alliance, 1894 France gained Russia's confidence through extending military and industrial loans France gained Russia's confidence through extending military and industrial loans
Germany also threatened Britain's industrial leadership and colonial empire Britain had conflicts with both France and Russia Britain clashed with France over control of the Sudan Britain clashed with France over control of the Sudan Britain had conflicts with Russia over spheres of influence in Persia and China Britain had conflicts with Russia over spheres of influence in Persia and China The compromises made between the three completed the Triple Entente
The Alliances The two alliances divided Europe into two opposing armed camps Competing alliances represented a roughly equal balance of power Advocates argued it was an effective method of guaranteeing peace Advocates argued it was an effective method of guaranteeing peace Critics argued that the existence of alliances would eventually lead to war Critics argued that the existence of alliances would eventually lead to war
Crises Preceding WWI Moroccan Crises of 1905 and 1911 Germany challenged France's influence in Morocco Germany challenged France's influence in Morocco Germany challenged France's attempt to convert Morocco into a protectorate Germany challenged France's attempt to convert Morocco into a protectorateImpacts: Diplomatic setbacks for Germany Diplomatic setbacks for Germany Drew France and Britain into closer alliance Drew France and Britain into closer alliance Intensified hostility between the Entente and the Central Powers Intensified hostility between the Entente and the Central Powers
Balkan Crises of With Russian approval, four Balkan nations warred against, defeated, and seized territories from Turkey With Russian approval, four Balkan nations warred against, defeated, and seized territories from Turkey Austria intervened to force the creation of Albania, denying Serbia an outlet to the Adriatic Sea Austria intervened to force the creation of Albania, denying Serbia an outlet to the Adriatic SeaImpacts: Brought Russia and Serbia closer together Brought Russia and Serbia closer together Intensified Austria-Hungary's hatred of Russia and Serbia Intensified Austria-Hungary's hatred of Russia and Serbia
Immediate Cause of WWI The assassination of the Austrian Archduke Serbian nationalist assassinated Francis Ferdinand in a plot to break up Austro-Hungarian Empire Serbian nationalist assassinated Francis Ferdinand in a plot to break up Austro-Hungarian Empire The assassination sparked a chain reaction leading Europe into World War I
A Chain Reaction 1.Austria made harsh demands on Serbia for the murder 2.Serbia refused to comply with the demands 3.Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia 4.Russia, a Slavic nation and friend of Serbia, mobilized its troops 5.Germany declared war on Russia and its ally France 6.Germany invaded Belgium to enter France more easily 7.Britain declared war on Germany
Major Causes of WWI NationalismImperialismMilitarism International Anarchy