SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY PROCEDURE 1. IDENTIFY & MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL UNITS 2. INTEGRATE WELL & SEISMIC 3. ANLYZE REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS 4. RELATE LITHOLOGY TO SEISMIC 5. PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING & LITHOLOGY 6. DETERMINE AN AGE MODEL 7. EVALUATE PREDICTIONS

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY TECHNIQUE 1. SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS 2. SEISMIC-WELL TIE 3. SEISMIC FACES ANALUSIS 4. SEISMIC CALIBRATION 5. GEOLOGIC INTERPRETION 6. CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 7. SEISMIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC MODELING

USING A STRATIGRPHIC FRAMEWORK STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS BURIAL HISTORY TRAP DEVELOPMENT AND TIMING MODELING TEMPERATURE HISTORY HYDROCARBON GENERATION RESERVOIR PROPERTIES PREDICTION SOURCE MIGRATION RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

EPSODIC VS CYCLIC DEPOSOTION SCALE OF DEPOSITION INCREASING LAMINA LAMINASET BED BEDSET PARASEQUENCE PARASEQUENCESET SEQUENCE CONTROLS STORMS FLOODS TIDES EPISODIC SHIFTING SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS LONG-TERM TECTONICS CYCLIC

BED VS DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES BEDS DEPOSITIONAL SEQUECES FORMATION BOUNDING SURFACES MORPHOLOGY A SINGLE EPISODE OF DEPOSITION A SINGLE CYCLE OF DEPOSITION BEDDING PLANES UNCONFORMITIES LIMITED EXTENT SMALL THICKNESS TERMINATES WHERE BEDDING SURFACES INTERSECT WIDESPREAD THICK ENOUGH TO RESOLVE SEISMICALLY TERMINATES AGAINST UNCON-FORMITIES OR THEIR CORRELATIVE

SEISMIC REFLECTION GENERATED AT PHYSICAL SURFACES ACROSS WHICH THERE IS A CHANGE IN IMPEDENCE POLARITY IS DETERMINED BY SIGN OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT AMPLITUDE IS A FUNCTION OF: - MAGNITUDE OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT - SHARPNESS OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT - RESOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM

REFLECTION AND TIME-STRATIGRAPHY GENERATING FEATURE UNCONFORMITIES STRATAL SURFACES YES SEPARATES OLDER STRATA BELOW FROM YOUNGER STRATA ABOVE TIME-STRATIGRAPHY

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STARATAL SURFACES SEISMIC REFLECTIONS PARALLEL STARATAL SURFACES RESOLUTION IS COMMONLY AT SCALE OF PARASQUENCES REFLECTION TERMINATION INDICATES THE ASSOCIATED STRATAL UNIT HAS: - ENDED ABRUPTLY (TRUNCATION) OR - THINNED BELOW RESOLUTION (LABOUT)

MARKING THE SEISMIC SECTION LOCATE UNCONFORMITIES AT THE BASE OF ONLAPS AND DOWNLAPS HALF CYCLE ABOVE TRUNCATION AND TOPLAP MARK ONSETS (ZERO-CROSSINGS) FRO MINIMUM PHASE PEAKS?TROUGHS FOR ZERO PHASE REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS CAN VARY ALONG AN UNCONFORMITY

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FACIES CHANGES SEISMIC REFLECTIONS DO NOT FOLLOW FACIES BOUNDARIES HOWEVERE REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS ARE AFFECTED BY CHANGES IN THE FACIES - REFLECTION AMPLITUDE - REFLECTION CONTINUITY - REFLECTION POLARITY

LIMITATIONS RESOLUTION VERTICAL LATERAL IMPROPER POSITIONING REFLECTIONS DIP ANALOG SECTION OUT-OF-PLANE REFLECTION NONPRIMARY REFLECTIONS NONCOHERENT NOISE COHERENT NOISE

LITHOLOGY PREDICTION SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS SEISMIC DATA CHRONO-STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK DEPOSITIONAL FRAMEWORK SEISMIC DATA SEISMIC SEQUENCES SEISMIC REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS GEOLOGIC INTRPRETATION LITHOLOGY PREDICTION

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS APPROACH SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS REFLECTION GEOMETRIES CORE ANALYSIS REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS LOG ANALYSIS CALIBRATION INTERPRETATION FACIES MODEL DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT PRIDICTION SEDIMENT SUPPLY

INTEGRATED FACIES ANALYSIS WELL AND SEISMIC DATA OBSERVE CALIBRATE INTERBRATE PREDICT VARIATIONS IN CORES, ON LOGS AND ON SEISMIC LOG RESPONSE TO CORE LITHOFACIES SEISMIC PESPONSE TO CORES AND LOGS DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS SUBENVIRONMENTS SETTING LATERAL AND VERTICAL LITHOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION

SEISMIC FACIES PARAMETERS REFLECTION GEOMETRIES REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS INTERVAL VELOCITY TERMINATION PATTERN INTERNAL CONFIGRATION EXTERNAL FORM AMPLITUDE CONTINUITY FREQUENCY

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES INTERNAL CONFIGURATIONS STRATIFIED UNSTRATIFIED SIMPLE PROGADATIONAL COMPLEX CHAOTIC REFLECTION FREE SEGMIOD OBLIQUE COMBINATION SHINGLED MOUNDED HUMMOCHY DEFORMED BARALLEL SUBPARALLEL DIVERGENT

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES EXTERNAL FORM UNIFORM THICKNESS VARYING THICKNESS SHEET-EVEN SHEET-DRAPE SHEET-SMOOTHING FILL MOND COMBINATION

EROSION TOPLAP CONCODANT ONLAP DOWNLAP CONCORDANT GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS ABC TECHNIQUE EROSION TOPLAP CONCODANT ONLAP DOWNLAP CONCORDANT PARALLEL SUBPARALLEL DIVERGENT SIGMOID OBLIQUE SHINGLED MOUNDED HUMMOCKY DEFORMED

DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES DIAGNOSTIC GEOMETRIES DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY HIGH LOW DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES SEDIMENTARY FACIES DIAGNOSTIC GEOMETRIES EXPLORATION ACTIVE SORTED COARSEST AVAILABLE GRAIN SIZE TOPLAB/OBLIQUE MOUNDS QUIET WATER POOR SORTING FINE PRESENT SHEET/DRAPE SIGMOID PROG. SLOPE FRONT FILL

REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY AMPLITUDE LOW HIGH VARIABLE LITHOLOGY CONDITIONS MASSIVE INTERFINGERED DISCONTINUOUS UNIFORM ALTERNATING VARYING CONTINUITY DEPOSITION WIDESPREAD

LITHOLOGY PREDICTION I) ESTABLISH CHORONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK II) DEVELOP DEPOSOTIONAL FRAMEWORK SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS TIE WELL AND SEISMIC ANALYZE REFLECTION GEOMETRIES INTERPRET DEPOSITIONAL SETTING CALIBRATE SEISMIC FACIES EXTRAPOLATE AWAY FROM WELL(S) USE FACIES MODELS USE CONCEPT OF DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

VISUAL SEISMIC SIGNATURES OF HYDROCARBON INDICATORS AMPLITUDE ANOMALY FREQUENCY ANOMALY TIME SAG ABRUPT TERMINATIONS PHASE CHANGE FLUID CONTACT REFLECTION SHADOW ZONE CHINMEY

FALSE HDI’S AND PITFALLS LOW IMPEDANCE ROCKS FLAT REFLECTIONS NOT RELATED TO FLUID CONTACTS INCORRECT SECTION POLARITY LOW GAS STATURATION RESERVOIRS PROSITY PRESERVATION BY PRESENCE OF HYDROCARBONS - STRATIGRAPHY - MULTIPLES

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 2-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES MANUAL (SERIAL OVERLAY) WITHOUT TIME SLICES, FEW CROSS LINES ADVANTAGES CHEAP NO SPECIAL EQUIPMENT FAST IN STRUCTURALLY SIMPLE AREAS DISADVANTAGES MISS STRUCTURES THAT STRIKE SUB-PARALLEL TO LINES INACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES MAPPING IS ADDITIONAL STEP CUMBERSOME

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES MANUAL BUT WITH TIME SLICES (GS) SEISCROP DISADVANTAGES EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO MAKE FILM DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES (PAPER) TO TIME SLICES (PROJECTED) NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF POOR REFLECTION CONTINUITY CUMBERSOME AMPLITUDE CONTROLS POSITION OF TIME SLICE PICKS TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES EASY TO RECOGNIZE STRUCTURES IN MOST ORIENTATIONS ACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES FAST WITH GOOD REFLECTION QONTINUITY

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES TRUE 3-D GRID DISADVANTAGES VERY SLOW MANY TIES TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES VERY DETAILED MAPS MOST ACCURATE PICTURES OF FAULT PATTERNS HIGHEST CONFIDENCE INTERPRETATION PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

USING A STRATIGRPHIC FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS MODELING PREDICTION STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK BURIAL HISTORY TRAP DEVELOPMENT AND TIMING TEMPERATURE HISTORY HYDROCARBON GENERATION RESERVOIR PROPERTIES SOURCE MIGRATION RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES MANUAL (SERIAL OVERLAY) WITHOUT TIME SLICES, FEW CROSS LINES ADVANTAGES CHEAP NO SPECIAL EQUIPMENT FAST IN STRUCTURALLY SIMPLE AREAS DISADVANTAGES MISS STRUCTURES THAT STRIKE SUB-PARALLEL TO LINES INACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES MAPPING IS ADDITIONAL STEP CUMBERSOME

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES MANUAL BUT WITH TIME SLICES (GS) SEISCROP DISADVANTAGES EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO MAKE FILM DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES (PAPER) TO TIME SLICES (PROJECTED) NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF POOR REFLECTION CONTINUITY CUMBERSOME AMPLITUDE CONTROLS POSITION OF TIME SLICE PICKS TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES EASY TO RECOGNIZE STRUCTURES IN MOST ORIENTATIONS ACCURATE 3-D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES FAST WITH GOOD REFLECTION QONTINUITY

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES TRUE 3-D GRID DISADVANTAGES VERY SLOW MANY TIES TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES VERY DETAILED MAPS MOST ACCURATE PICTURES OF FAULT PATTERNS HIGHEST CONFIDENCE INTERPRETATION PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES ISIS- EPR INTERACTIVE SEISMIC INTERPRATATION SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES CONVERSION OF SEISMIC DATA TO ACCEPTABLE FORMAT CAN BE TIME-CONSUMMING EXCESSIVE DETAIL AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES ALOWS USE OF ANY TECHNIQUE MOST ACCURATE TIES OF TIME SLICES TO LINES AND LINES TO CROSS-LINES LESS PAPER TO SHUFFLE AMPLITUDE/COLOR SCALING RAPID, ACCURATE DIGITIZING CONTOUR MAPS OF HORIZONS DIGITIZED ON LINES AND/OR SLICES IMAGE MANIPULATIONS ZOOM, STRETCH, SQUEEZE, REVERSE POLARITY RELIEVES INTRPRETATER

PURPOSE: TO COMBINE TWO DATA SETS FOR A MORE COMPLETE INTERPERATION SEISMIC-WELL TIES PURPOSE: TO COMBINE TWO DATA SETS FOR A MORE COMPLETE INTERPERATION SEISMIC DATA TWO WAY TIME SEISMIC VELOCITY SEISMIC IMPEDENCE SEISMIC SEQUENCES SEISMIC FACIES STRUCTURE WELL DATA LINEAR DEPTH VELOCITY DENSITY GEOLOGIC AGE LITHOLOGY FAULT ORIENTATION