Scaffold User Training Supported Scaffolds Scaffold User Training

Scaffold Hazards The danger of falling is most common. Ladders and Scaffolds Scaffold Hazards The danger of falling is most common. 9% of construction deaths are scaffold-related Scaffold falls injure 29,000 workers every year. 47% of all scaffold catastrophes and deaths are caused by defective scaffolds. Any missing or defective part makes a scaffold less safe.

Ladders and Scaffolds 15 X & L 1926.450 Subpart L - Scaffolds 1926.450: Scope, application and definitions 1926.451: General requirements Covers the basic variables 1926.452: Specific requirements For each type of scaffold 1926.453: Aerial lifts 1926.454: Training Anyone who works from a scaffold or who erects scaffolds must have training. 7

How Do We Know a Scaffold Is Safe? Supported scaffolds must have these features:

.451 General Requirements For All Scaffolds SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 17 X & L .451 General Requirements For All Scaffolds (a) Capacity Support its own weight and 4 X the Maximum Intended Load (MIL). . Designed by a Qualified Person and built and loaded to design. Some Criteria listed in Appendix 'A' 8

(b) Platform Construction SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 20 X & L (b) Platform Construction Platforms fully planked or decked Maximum 1” gaps Maximum openings of 9½” if necessary Platforms and walkways minimum 18” wide Ladder jack, top plate bracket, roof bracket, and pump jack scaffold at least 12” wide Guardrails and/or Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) for < 18” wide 9

What Makes a Safe Platform? SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 21 X & L What Makes a Safe Platform? Fully planked with scaffold-grade wood or metal.

(b) Platform Construction4 SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 27 X & L (b) Platform Construction4 Don’t paint wood, except ID on edges Fully planked between front upright & guardrails Don’t mix scaffold components used unless compatible & strength is maintained [Competent Person decision] Don’t modify mixed scaffold components to make them fit [C.P. decision] No components of dissimilar metals without Competent Person approval 12

Tie-Ins to the Building SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 30 X & L Tie-Ins to the Building This 6-tier scaffold is is anchored to the building with rope through windows. A solid strut anchor is better, especially if not dependent upon friction attachments at both ends.

Plumb, Level, Square You can visually check scaffold alignment. SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 34 X & L Plumb, Level, Square You can visually check scaffold alignment. Plumb: Vertical members stand perpendicular to horizon. Square: Horizontal and vertical members form right angles where they connect. Level: Horizontal members are parallel to horizon.

Foundation and Load Distribution? SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 35 X & L Foundation and Load Distribution?

What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold? SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 37 X & L What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold? Distribute loads evenly. Point load over uprights. Point Loading - When necessary, it should be done over uprights. Evenly distributed – A good practice! An unsafe practice!

.451(e) Access Must have safe access SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 38 X & L .451(e) Access Must have safe access No access by cross braces Bottom rung not more than 24” high From other surface if within 14" H, 24" V Rest platforms at 35’ intervals Safe access for erectors/dismantlers Competent Person Decision 22" Horizontals OK for Builders Some end frames can be used for access. 16

(f) USE3 No makeshift devices to increase height SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 47 X & L (f) USE3 No makeshift devices to increase height The 'Drywall Bucket Rule' No ladder to increase height except on 'large area' and: Side thrust countered, platform secured Ladder legs on same platform & secured Platforms not to deflect > 1/60 of span

.454 Training Requirements SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 73 X & L .454 Training Requirements Your employer must train you.

.451(g) Fall Protection Required at 10 foot height SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 48 X & L .451(g) Fall Protection Required at 10 foot height PFAS instead of guardrails on some Fall protection required when scaffold is greater than 14” away from work surface PFAS for erectors/dismantlers where feasible Toprails height = 38” to 45” Crossbracing ‘X’ as top or midrail depending on height 19

Guardrails Guardrails prevent work falls. SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 49 X & L Guardrails Guardrails prevent work falls. Only 33% of the scaffolds involved in accidents had guardrails. Ideal height is 38 inches above work platform. OSHA requires fall protection on platforms 10 feet or higher. Top rail must withstand a force of 200 pounds (or 100 pounds on suspension scaffolds).

(h) Falling Object Protection SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 53 X & L (h) Falling Object Protection Hardhats required Protect employees below Barricades to exclude working below Toe boards at edges of platforms Allows panels and screens Canopies allowed 20

Toeboard Options Using extra planks on edge: Job-made w/1"x 6" lumber: SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 54 X & L Toeboard Options Using extra planks on edge: Wire in place Maintain max. gap of ¼" Wire or nail ends in place Job-made w/1"x 6" lumber: Wire/nail/cleat in place Lighter, easier to handle

Electrical Hazards Ladders and Scaffolds SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 54 X & L Electrical Hazards Scaffolds shall remain a minimum of 10 feet away from energized power lines. All power tools and equipment shall be plugged into a GFCI Temporary lighting shall not be connected to the scaffold system by metal components

Mobile Scaffolds3 Plumb; Level square; Braces secured SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 58 X & L Mobile Scaffolds3 Plumb; Level square; Braces secured Cross, horizontal & diagonal braces to prevent racking or collapse Mobile scaffolds must comply with other frame requirements Castors - positive lock on wheel and/or swivel Force to move no more than 5 feet above base

SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 59 X & L .452(w) Mobile Scaffolds2 Horizontal and diagonal bracing required to prevent “racking”. Most manufacturers provide with fixed length.

SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 60 X & L Mobile Scaffolds4 No platforms beyond base unless outriggers or equivalent for stability Screwjacks or equivalent to level Castor stems pinned or bolted Make workers aware before moving

Mobile Scaffolds4 Stabilize to prevent tipping when moving SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 61 X & L Mobile Scaffolds4 Stabilize to prevent tipping when moving No riding unless: Surface within 30 of level; no obstructions Height: base width ratio = 2:1 or designed Outriggers, if used, on both sides No extensions beyond supports Power used < 1 foot/second

Protect Yourself With Good Practice SUBPARTS Ladders and Scaffolds 71 X & L Protect Yourself With Good Practice Don’t allow tools, materials, or debris to collect on scaffold. Never, never throw or drop tools, materials, or equipment. Make sure connections are in place and completely tight. Do not stand on ties. Do not stand on guardrails or plank extensions. Do not overreach outside of the guardrails.