Immunity Innate and Adaptive

Engage You will be watching a movie clip from Body Defenses Against Diseases

Explore What Do Bones Have to Do With the Immune System? You are going to color, label and research the functions of the immune system organs.

Explore Immune System Manipulative You will use large laminated pieces representing structures like antigens, interferons, anti-viral proteins, phagocytosis, inflammation, leukocytes, and other concepts of specific and non-specific immunology of the immune system to illustrate the various steps that occur during the “battle of the antigens.”

Explain Are we constantly bombarded with pathogens? Are we constantly sick? How do we not stay sick all of the time? Nonspecific (Innate Immune System)

Skin First line of defense Barrier Populated by millions of microbes that inhibit the multiplication of pathogens on the skin

Secretions Mucus, Gastric Juices, Sweat, Tears, Saliva Muscus – keeps body areas from drying out Viscous (thick) – traps microbes, swallowed and gastric juices destroy bacteria and their toxins Sweat, Tears, Saliva Enzyme Lysozyme – breaks down the cell walls of some bacteria

Phagocytosis What if microbes pass skin and secretions? Encounter cells that carry on phagocytosis Phagocyte –leukocyte that ingests and destroys pathogens by engulfing them Macrophage – giant scavengers or big eaters – develop from monocytes They eventually die and leave a collection of dead white blood cells and various body fluids - pus

Inflammation and Innate Immunity

Inflammation Reaction to any type of injury to body tissues (Infection or Trauma) Four Symptoms – Caused by Release of Histamines 1. Redness 2. Swelling 3. Pain 4. Heat Phagocytes migrate to injured site Ingest pathogens Release a chemical to cause hypothalamus to reset temperature A temp is good to a point

Protective Proteins (Slide 1) Complement – group of proteins attach to pathogens damage their plasma membrane Attract phagocytes What about viruses?

Protective Proteins (Slide 2) Phagocytes CANNOT destroy viruses Interferons Protect human cells from viruses Produced by body cells infected by the virus Diffuses into uninfected neighboring cells They produce antiviral proteins that disrupt viral replication

Adaptive Immune System (Specific) Immunity – the body recognizes a SPECIFIC pathogen SPECIFIC – job of lymphatic system Humoral (Antibody) immunity Cell-Mediated immunity

Three Basic Functions of Lymphatic System 1. Maintains homeostasis – constant body fluid level 2. Absorbs fat from digestion 3. Defends against disease

Defense Against Disease Traps foreign particles for filtration Lymph – tissue fluid when it enters lymphatic vessels - colorless

Organs of Lymphatic System

Lymph Organs Lymph MUST be filtered before it returns to the blood Lymphatic organs Tonsils Thymus Lymph Nodes Liver Spleen Peyer’s Patch on Small Intestine Bone Marrow

Tongue and Tonsils Fights bacteria and other harmful materials that enters your nose and mouth

Lymph Nodes & Lymphocytes Lymph Node – small tissue mass that holds lymphocytes – filters lymph (e.g., Tonsils)

Liver/Spleen Detects and responds to foreign substances in the blood Filters out and destroys bacteria and worn-out red blood cells DOES NOT filter lymph it filters _______.

Antibody Immunity (Chemical Warfare) Self vs. Non-Self Initial Infection Foreign antigen get in the body it causes the production of antibodies Reinfection – do not get sick; have immunity - fight off future infections e.g., B-Cell produce antibodies when activated

Bone Marrow B-Cells Produce Antibodies

Thymus Gland Located above the heart Where lymphocytes mature and develop into cells that fight SPECIFIC pathogens T-Cells Newborns and Young Children - prominent - continues to grow until puberty AFTER Puberty - gradually decreases in size

Cellular Immunity Memory B-Cells Helper T-Cells, Killer T- Cells and Suppressor T- Cells Continually circulate through the blood looking for the presence of past infections

Vaccination and Immunizations Inject viral or bacterial protein into the body to mount up an immune response and cause immunity

Immune System Disorders, I Allergies Overreaction of immune system Allergens; cause mast cells to release histamines Antihistamines

Immune System Disorders, II Autoimmune Diseases Makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells. Can’t distinguish between self and non-self Examples 1. Type I Diabetes – attacks insulin producing cells 2. Rheumatoid arthritis – connective tissue in joints 3. Myasthenia gravis – neuromuscular junctions 4. Multiple sclerosis – neurons in brain and spinal cord

Immune System Disorders, II Immunodeficiency Disease Immune system fails to develop normally or the immune system is destroyed SCIDS – Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS

Elaborate Watch immune system clip with ice climber Rob Taylor from the 1995 PBS video Universe Within. You will visit the following website: icine/immunity/ icine/immunity/ At this website, you will find a link to an animated immune system game that will help you better understand the immune system.

Evaluate Without any assistance, you will correctly label 5 out of 6 immune system organs with their name and function when completing the immune system cut and paste activity.