The Conservative Tide President Ronald Reagan’s election marks a rightward shift in domestic and foreign policy. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cold War ends and the U.S. confronts a host of domestic problems. NEXT

Section 4 Foreign Policy After the Cold War The end of the Cold War, marked by the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, leads to a redirection of many U.S. goals and policies.

Leaders in Russia Gorbachev is the general secretary of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. *He wanted to establish a democratic government in the Soviet Union; however, Russian reformers thought Gorbachev was working too slowly toward democracy *Gorbachev himself lost his power

INF Treaty (Intermediate- Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)

NEXT The Cold War Ends Gorbachev Initiates Reform Mikhail Gorbachev—general secretary of Soviet Communist Party Soviet economy stressed; Reagan’s defense spending adds pressure Gorbachev adopts glasnost—allows criticism, some freedom of press Plans perestroika—some private enterprise, move to democracy Wants better relations with U.S. to cut U.S.S.R. military spending - arms-control INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty) Foreign Policy After the Cold War 4 SECTION Continued...

NATIONSKEY INDIVIDUALS KEY EVENTS AND TRENDS 1. Soviet UnionGorbachev; Yeltsin; Reagan Event: Signing of the INF and Start II treaties; the attempted coup; the exclusion of the Communist Party from any government role; the CIS Trends: Glasnost; perestroika; nationalism in the republics; Democracy GUIDED READING:

Strategic Defense Initiative Reagan asked scientist to develop a defense system that would keep American's safe from enemy missiles. b-1 bomber MX Missile(Peacekeeper)

NEXT 4 SECTION The Soviet Union Declines 1991, 14 republics declare independence; Gorbachev forced to resign Commonwealth of Independent States forms; 1993 START II signed continued The Cold War Ends Continued... The Collapse of Communist Regimes Gorbachev reduces Soviet control of Eastern Europe, urges democracy 1989, Berlin Wall torn down; 1990, 2 Germanys reunited Czechoslovakia, Baltic states, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania democratic Ethnic civil war breaks out in Yugoslavia

NATIONSKEY INDIVIDUALSKEY EVENTS AND TRENDS 2. PolandBlankEvents: A non-Communist government; a new constitution; a free­ market economy Trends: Democracy; Capitalism GUIDED READING:

NATIONSKEY INDIVIDUALS KEY EVENTS AND TRENDS 3. GermanyBlankEvents: The opening of the Berlin Wall; reunification Trend: Democracy GUIDED READING:

NATIONSKEY INDIVIDUALS KEY EVENTS AND TRENDS 4. YugoslaviaBlankEvents: A break-up; ethnic rivalry; civil war Trend: Ethnic rivalry GUIDED READING:

NEXT 4 SECTION Communism Continues in China 1980s, China loosens business restrictions, stops price controls Students demand free speech, voice in government 1989, demonstrations in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, other cities Premier Li Peng orders military to crush protesters - unarmed students killed continued The Cold War Ends

NATIONSKEY INDIVIDUALS KEY EVENTS AND TRENDS 5. ChinaEvents: Economic reform; student marches; Tiananmen Square demonstrations Trend: Economic liberalization GUIDED READING:

Central American and Caribbean Policy Sardinistas: The Rebels, who took their name from a rebel leader, fought in a civil war against Somoza (a dictator) in Nicaragua Because Nicaragua was a Soviet Union outpost, Reagan cut all the aid to Sardinistas and threw his support to guerilla forces known as “Contras”

NEXT 4 SECTION Nicaragua Sandinistas—rebel group, takes over Nicaragua; Carter sends them aid Reagan calls them communists; helps Contras— opposition forces 1990, Contra supporter Violeta de Chamorro elected president Central American and Caribbean Policy Grenada 1983 Reagan sends troops; pro-Cuba government replaced with pro-U.S. Panama Bush sends troops to arrest dictator Manuel Antonio Noriega Noriega convicted of drug trafficking in U.S., sentenced to 40 years

NATIONSKEY INDIVIDUALS KEY EVENTS AND TRENDS 6. NicaraguaThe Somozas; Ortega; Chamorro; Carter; Reagan Events: Reagan aid to the Contras; secret CIA activities; the passage of the Boland Amendment; the Iran­ Contra scandal Trend: Democracy GUIDED READING:

NATIONSKEY INDIVIDUALS KEY EVENTS AND TRENDS 7. PanamaNoriega; Bush Events: The overthrow, arrest, and conviction of Noriega for drug trafficking Trends: "Yankee imperialism"; the war on drugs GUIDED READING:

NEXT 4 SECTION The Iran-Contra Scandal 1983, terrorists loyal to Iran take Americans hostage in Lebanon Reagan says no negotiating with terrorists; sells arms for hostages Staff divert some profits to Contras; violate Boland Amendment 1987, Congressional committees hold joint TV hearings 1988, several staffers indicted; 1992, Bush pardons Reagan officials Middle East Trouble Spots Continued...

NATIONSKEY INDIVIDUALS KEY EVENTS AND TRENDS 8. IranReagan; North; Bush; Lawrence E. Walsh Events: The taking of hostages; Reagan's secret arms sales; the Iran­Contra scandal; congressional investigation; indictments; Bush pardons Trends: Blank GUIDED READING:

The Persian Gulf War On August 2, 1990: Iraq claimed that oil-rich nation of Kuwait was part of Iraq. Then Iraq invaded Kuwait. On Jan. 16, 1991: The United States and and its allies staged a massive air assault against Iraq On February 27, 1991: Kuwait was liberated (Operation Desert Storm)

Valley of Death, Kuwait

NEXT 4 SECTION continued Middle East Trouble Spots The Persian Gulf War Iran-Iraq War leaves Saddam Hussein with great war debt , invades Kuwait to take its oil, threatens U.S. oil supply Bush, Secretary of State James Baker organize international coalition 1991, Operation Desert Storm liberates Kuwait from Iraq Victory parades greet returning soldiers Under 400 coalition casualties; 100,000 Iraqi deaths Continued...

NATIONSKEY INDIVIDUALS KEY EVENTS AND TRENDS 9. IraqHussein; Schwarzkopf; Bush Events: The invasion of Kuwait; Operation Desert Storm Trends: Blank GUIDED READING:

President H. W. Bush Bush was forced to raise taxes despite his campaign pledge. His approval rating had dropped to 49% by 1992

NEXT 4 SECTION continued Middle East Trouble Spots Bush’s Domestic Policies Bush hurt by rising deficit, recession of 1990– 1992 Forced to raise taxes despite campaign promise 1992, approval rating drops to 49%

Valley of Death, Kuwait