1. Ch. 28 Section 4 “The End of the Cold War” By: Mr. Thomas Parsons

2. I. George Bush Takes Office A.President George Bush took office in 1988 and faced many international crises. B.Bush won 54 percent of the popular vote over Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis. C.Jesse Jackson became the first African American to make a successful attempt at running for president. D.Jackson worked to create a rainbow coalition a broad group of minorities and the poor.

3. II.The Cold War Ends A.By the late 1980s the Soviet economy suffered from a huge military debt from the arms race. B.Gorbachev instituted perestroika or “reconstruction” to help save the economy. C.Now private enterprises and profit-making was legal.

4. D. Gorbachev also implemented glasnost or “openness”, allowing for more freedom of religion and speech. E. Glasnost spread throughout Eastern Europe replacing Communist rulers democratically elected governments in: -Poland -Hungary -Czechoslovakia -Romania -Bulgaria

5. III.The Berlin Wall Comes Down A.On November 9, 1989 the Glasnost revolution finally torn down the Berlin Wall which divided Eastern and Western Europe. B.Within a year, East and West Germany had reunited.

6. IV.Communisms Last Stand A.In August 1991, a group of Communist officials staged a coup to remove Gorbachev from power. B.Troops were sent into Moscow, but Russian President Boris Yeltsin defied the coup. C.The coup collapsed and Gorbachev was released and returned to power.

7. D. In December 1991 Gorbachev announced the end of the Soviet Union. E. Soviet satellite countries formed the Commonwealth of Independent States bringing an end to Communist rule.

8. V.The “New World Order” A. After the Cold War, Bush made the phrase “New World Order”, which focused on dealing with crises in China, Panama, and the Middle East. B. China’s Communist leaders were determined to stay in power. C. China continued to repress political speech and dissent.

9. D. In May 1989 Chinese students and workers held a demonstration for democracy. E. Government tanks and soldiers were sent to the protest at Tiananmen Square in Beijing. F. Many protesters were killed and others were imprisoned and received the death sentence.

10. VI.Iraq and Saddam Hussein A.In August 1990, Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, sent his army to invade oil-rich Kuwait. B.President Bush convinced other countries to coalition against Hussein to stop Iraq. C.Economic sanctions were imposed on Iraq, and placed a deadline on Iraqis to withdraw. D.Iraq refused.

11. E. On January 13, 1991 the coalition began Operation Desert Storm. F. 100,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed in air and ground attacks. G. Bush declared victory.

12. VII.Domestic Challenge A.The defense industry was hit hard after the Cold War when military equipment needs decreased. B.The recession hit other companies and many began downsizing resulting in employee layoffs. C.The nation’s high level of debt also made the situation worse.

13. VIII.Improving the Economy A.To improve the economy, Bush called for a capital gains tax. B.This is a tax on businesses and investors when they sell stocks or real estate for profit. C.The Democrats in Congress defeated it. D.Bush compromised by increasing taxes for cuts in spending. E.This broke Bush’s campaign promise of “no new taxes”, turning voters against him.