A Case for Shore Based Digital Radio as Basis for e-Navigation Who am I and what is MARINTEK? A study on future e-Navigation services and their capacity demands A study on today’s and future shore based digital radio systems Conclusions

Beate Kvamstad Research Scientist at MARINTEK (Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute), e-Maritime department since February 2008 Master of Science degree from Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in December 2000 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications Thesis: Implementation of EGNOS Algorithms and Testing in the North Sea Kongsberg Seatex from 2001 to 2008

Marine Technology Centre, Trondheim MARINTEK Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute Main office in Trondheim Offices in Oslo and Bergen Subsidiary in Houston; MARINTEK (USA), Inc. Subsidiary in Rio de Janeiro; MARINTEK do Brasil, Ltda. Trondheim Marine Technology Centre, Trondheim Oslo Bergen Rio de Janeiro MARINTEK do Brasil, Ltda. Houston MARINTEK (USA), Inc.

Market Profile MARINTEK carries out contract R&D for marine related industries: Offshore oil/gas industry Ship building industry Shipping Marine equipment industry MARINTEK is heading for technologically challenging R&D projects: - New advanced product concepts and prototypes - New advanced services for the benefit of our customers, and the society through: - Reduced risks for human lives, environment and capital assets. MARINTEK undertakes multidisciplinary projects and co-operates with associated partners within the SINTEF Group.

Total Share Capital: 11.6 MNOK Ownership MARINTEK has the following shareholders: Total Share Capital: 11.6 MNOK Det Norske Veritas …...………..….….: 1.0 MNOK 9% Found. of Shipbuilders’ Fund for Research and Education ..……….: 0.5 MNOK 4% Directorate of Shipping ………………: Fed. of Norwegian Coastal Shipping : 0.1 MNOK 1% SINTEF ……………..………………..….: 6.5 MNOK 56% Norwegian Shipowners’ Association : 3.0 MNOK 26%

A study on future e-Navigation services and their capacity demands Motivation: To find appropriate and good solutions for e-Navigation data carriers is not trivial. Someone needed to start the discussions and investigations concerning this issue. Objectives: To analyse the emerging communication requirements and how these can be translated to higher digital communication bandwidth demands.

Study methodology Group today's existing maritime services classes of communication services Analyse each class to determine current bandwidth requirements Perform a literature study to identify and quantify (with respect to possible bandwidth demands) possible future services Complement the results from the literature study with other likely services based on the authors’ knowledge of maritime operations Put the new identified services into the same classes as today’s services and determine new communication requirements

Results 1: Today’s services 1. Emergency management Communication related to accidents at sea, either for assistance to other ships or to get aid to oneself 5. Operational communication Daily noon reports, machinery reports, arrival and departure reports exchanged with owner and owner’s office. 2. Position & safety reporting AIS and LRIT ship position reports, GMDSS emergency alarms as well as ship security alarm systems. AMVER reports can also be included here. 6. Cargo & passenger communication In passenger ships, one will see that the passengers in many cases pay for advanced communication facilities through their private use. This may also be the case for certain cargos, where cargo owner will pay for cargo supervision. 3. Additional navigational information Information to the ship about local navigational issues. Can include differential GPS correction, NAVTEX and some AIS messages. 7. Crew infotainment Crew’s private communication 4. Mandatory ship reporting Reporting to VTS and other ship reporting areas as well as mandatory reporting to port state authorities in conjunction with port calls.

Result 2: Possible future e-Navigation services 1. Emergency management Communication to other ships, communication to SAR, communication to owner’s office. What about the remaining groups? Position & safety reporting Cargo & passenger reporting Crew infotainment 2. Additional navigational information VTS coordination, Maritime Information Objects (MIO), PPU-VTS images, real-time met-ocean data, tug/mooring coordination, load/discharge coordination, port ENC updates. 3. Mandatory ship reporting Ship reporting, coast state notification, port arrival notification. 4. Operational communication Voyage orders and reports, commercial port services, navigational data update (ENC), operational reports, operating manuals, documents, external maintenance and service, weather forecast, telemedicine.

Result 3: Bandwidth requirements Integrity Capacity requirements (bps) Special purpose applications 10 kbps 1 Mbps 100 Mbps Low Medium High Emergency messaging (SAR) Reporting (Operational and navigational) Technical maintenance (Mandatory) Infotainment (crew & passenger communication) Video monitoring Training & qualification e-Navigation

Emergency management Dedicated narrow band Position and safety reporting AIS based Additional navigational information Mandatory ship reporting General digital radio Nautical Operational communication Crew Crew infotainment Other Cargo and passengers

Shore versus satellite based systems Inmarsat Fleet Broadband, Iridium OpenPort, Iridium NEXT (estimated available in 2016) Maritime community depends on SatCom outside reach of shore based systems Expensive infrastructure development, expensive to operate and expensive to use Coast state control over transmitting equipment Mandatory services under IMO regulation (SOLAS) has traditionally been free for users (the ships) GSM/GPRS/EDGE, 3G/UMTS/Turbo-3G ( LTE), WiFi/WLAN, WiMAX, CDMA 450, Digital VHF (D-VHF: VHF Data, VDL…), AIS Infrastructure costs will be significantly less than for satellite systems Availability for general digital ship/shore communication Heterogeneous approach to e-Navigation (if standardised)

Shore Based Digital Radio Extending coverage and range at sea for both in-use and novel terrestrial wireless systems/technologies, e.g.: Cellular: GSM/GPRS/EDGE 3G/UMTS/Turbo-3G ( LTE) Wireless broadband (WBB): WiFi/WLAN WiMAX CDMA 450 (ref. Ice) Wireless narrowband (WNB): Digital VHF (D-VHF: VHF Data, VDL…) AIS Reclaimed VHF/UHF TV-bands (?) e-Navigation: Extended coverage and range and a bandwidth capacity of at least 200 kbps

Wireless Narrowband (WNB) Standard Maximum throughput[1] Range Notes Downlink Uplink Digital VHF (D-VHF) VHF Data 21 kbps/ 133 kbps 130 km As the 1st generation of digital VHF systems Telenor Maritime Radio (TMR) has devised a technology called “VHF Data”, exhibiting the following throughput characteristics: Narrowband radio: 21 kbps (1 x 25 kHz channel)[2] Broadband radio: 133 kbps (9 x 25 kHz channels = 225 kHz)[2] The 2nd generation under planning will allegedly provide a spectral efficiency of 3 (bit/s)/Hz, an is thus expected to increase the capacity by a factor of 3 – 10, depending on the modulation and access methods applied. AIS 2 x 9.6 kbps  75 km (land-based) ITU has assigned two VHF frequencies worldwide for AIS purposes on a primary, non-exclusive basis, each providing 9.6 kbps data rate. With the present land-based AIS system the range is limited to around 40 nm ( 75 km), and several projects regarding Space-based AIS have thus been established lately to extend that range – a.o. in Norway. LRIT ~ 36 b/s Satellite-based Data derived through LRIT will be available only to those entitled to receive such information, and safeguards concerning the confidentiality of those data have been built into the regulatory provisions. The LRIT communication message will allegedly comprise a payload of 64 bits from the vessel’s terminal and 200 bits (133 characters) to it, transmitted at a user data (burst) rate of ~ 36 b/s every 6 hours at security level 1, and up to every 15 minutes at security level 2 or 3. [1] Throughput is the data rate of the standard - the theoretical maximum throughput available to a single connection under ideal conditions [2] Note: Low spectral efficiency: 0.84 (bit/s)/Hz for Narrowband and 0.6 (bit/s)/Hz for Broadband

Dedicated narrow band systems: Digital VHF Range: 70 nm ( 130 km) from closest base station Power: 25 W Interfaces: Ethernet, RS232 Data rate: Narrowband radio: 21 kbps (1 x 25 kHz channel) Broadband radio: 133 kbps (9 x 25 kHz channels = 225 kHz) Low spectral efficiency ! Narrowband radio: 0.84 bps/Hz Broadband radio: 0.59 bps/Hz (?)

Highly relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation Norwegian Coastal VHF Highly relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation VHF Data (Yellow coverage) Analog VHF (Magenta coverage)

Dedicated narrow band systems: AIS Range: 40 nm ( 75 km) from closest base station Power: 25 W Interfaces: Ethernet, RS232 Data rate: (uplink/downlink) AIS data is carried by two globally dedicated VHF frequencies (161.975 and 162.025 MHz), with channel spacing of 25 kHz or 12kHz, and 9.6 kbps transmission rate on each frequency Not really relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation Too low capacity today for congested areas ! Dedicated to AIS messages

General digital radio: WiMAX Standard Maximum throughput[1] Range Notes Downlink Uplink WiFi/WLAN IEEE802.11a IEEE802.11b IEEE802.11g IEEE802.11n 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 200 Mbps 11 Mbps ~30 m ~50 m Typical download [2]: - 2 Mbps - 10 Mbps - 40 Mbps WiMAX (IEEE802.16e) 70 Mbps ~ 7.5 km Quoted speeds only achievable at short ranges, more practically: 10 Mbps at 10 km [2]. Sub-GHz WiMAX is expected to increase range by a factor of 5-10 ; 50 km has already been demonstrated CDMA 450 (NMT-Ice.net) 3.1 Mbps 1.8 Mbps ~ 60 km Typical [2] : Downlink: 300 kbps – 2 Mbps Uplink: 200 – 500 kbps Low range Highly relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation Not very relevant for e-Navigation services

Conclusions A shore based digital communication network will be a good alternative for e-Navigation e-Navigation can probably be satisfied by a total bandwidth of about 200 kbps per radio cell The most interesting solution probably is Digital VHF, WiMAX or a WiMAX type of communication solutions in the UHF or VHF bands. The MarCom and MarSafe projects are currently identifying methods for extending the coverage and range at sea for both in-use and novel terrestrial wireless systems/technologies

References Rødseth, Ø.J., Kvamstad, B., Digital Communication Bandwidth Requirements for Future e-Navigation Services, to be published Bekkadal, F., D4.1 – Maritime Communication Technology, MarCom project internal report www.marcom.no www.sintef.no/Projectweb/MARSAFE

Thank you for your attention! Beate Kvamstad beate.kvamstad@marintek.sintef.no +47 92 22 22 40