Promoting Youth Rights at Work: lesson learned from Indonesia and Jordan First Arab States Regional South-South Development EXPO 18-20 Feb. 2014 Doha-Qatar.

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Promoting Youth Rights at Work: lesson learned from Indonesia and Jordan First Arab States Regional South-South Development EXPO 18-20 Feb. 2014 Doha-Qatar Yasser Ali Project Manager ILO- Jordan

ILO Decent Work Country Program (DWCP) in Jordan ILO has launched the DWCP for Jordan (2012-2015), which was signed by MOL and social partners. A DWCP tripartite committee was established and a coordination mechanism between MOL, social partners and ILO was established promote decent work as a key component of national development strategies Priority 1: Decent work opportunities for young Jordanian men and women are expanded through the promotion of better work conditions, non-discrimination and equal rights at work PRIORITY 2: A minimum level of social security is extended to the most vulnerable groups of society through the social protection floor, as part of a more comprehensive social security system in Jordan PRIORITY 3: Employment opportunities are enhanced, with focus on youth employment Cross cutting issues: - Social Dialogue - ILS - Gender Equity

“Tripartite Action for Youth Employment in Jordan” project Increased productive and decent employment for young women and men in Jordan Improved signalling of skills, and market value of the TVET certificates to facilitate training to work transition ( through access to a national skill testing &certification system ) Increased capacity of MSMEs to contribute to the quality of the skills supply through upgraded apprenticeship Improved capacity of trade unions to increase their outreach to young women and men to advocate for their rights at work through the manual on youth rights at work including non-gender based discrimination

Socio-economic Context in Jordan Jordan faces many challenges mainly the instability in the region and the Syrian crises and its implication on national economy and labour market Annual economic growth 3.6 % (compared with 7.2 % at 2008) Social Context Rapid population growth Young country ( 70 % of population are youth under 30 years age, 20 % of population ate youth age 15-24 ) Poverty rate is 14.4 % since 2010 خلال العقد الماضي، شهد السياق الاقتصادي للعمل اللائق في الأردن تقلبات كثيرة نتيجة الصدمات الخارجية، ومنها حرب العراق عام 2003 والأزمة المالية العالمية عام 2008 وعدم الاستقرار الذي تشهده المنطقة منذ 2011 نتيجة "الربيع العربي". والأزمة السورية وتداعياتها المستمرة، وكان لمثل هذه الأحداث تداعيات كبيرة على النمو الاقتصادي والاستثمارات الأجنبية المباشرة ومعدلات التضخم في الأردن. ويُعتبر عجز الأردن عن تحييد اقتصادها عن الأحداث الخارجية من بين أبرز الخلاصات المقلقة الناتجة عن هذه اللمحة العامة. سجل كل من إجمالي الناتج المحلي ومعدلات النمو نتائج خجولة خلال السنوات الخمس الماضية بالمقارنة مع السنوات الخمس السابقة (2003 – 2007) حيث بلغ متوسط نمو إجمالي الناتج المحلي 7.2%، أي ضعف متوسط معدل النمو الذي سُجل في الفترة ما بين 2008 و2012 والذي بلغ 3.6%. ومن الناحية الإيجابية، أصبح النمو الاقتصادي أكثر إنصافاً في السنوات الأخيرة في ظلّ انحسار هامش تفاوت الدخل في الأردن. وتراجع معدل دخل الرتبة المئينية الثمانين الأعلى إلى دخل الرتبة المئينية العشرين الأدنى من توزيع الدخل من 4.35 عام 2006 إلى 2.63 في 2010 .

Unemployment rate still high Unemployment rate is 12.2 %, women 19.9 % Youth unemployment (15- 24 age) is 31.9 % , young women 39.3% 80% of young Jordanian workers in the labor market are the holders of high school certificates or less People with disabilities : around 5% are employed for humanitarian reasons and not to utilize their real capabilities. Women constitute up to 62% of university students, while women's participation rate in the Jordanian labor market is around 14 % and is one of the lowest in the world. وقد أثرت هذه التداعيات الاقتصادية سلباً على سوق العمل، إذ ارتفعت نسب البطالة من 12.7% في 2008 إلى 12.9% في 2009. وإن أخذنا التغيرات الموسمية بالاعتبار، نجد أن نسبة البطالة قد ارتفعت من 12% في الربع الثالث من العام 2008 إلى 14% من الفترة نفسها عام 2009 ورغم ارتفاع معدلات النمو والبطالة لم يتم تخفيضها إلى حد كبير. - تداخل - الجماعات المتضررة من البطالة: المرأة والمثقفين والشباب. البطالة مرتفعة بشكل خاص بين النساء، وإن كان قد انخفض منذ 2007. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، لا يزال معدل البطالة تحديا كبيرا بين المتعلمين ، مع معدل البطالة بين الحائزين على درجة الى 37 %. بطالة الشباب لم رفض حوالي 32% في 2012.  

Minimum Wage Minimum wage 190 JD / month ( US$ 268) 44% of young workers earn salaries ranging between 200-299 dinars, which is considered to be a low wage, and 24% of them earn 100-200 dinars Social security coverage increased by law 2013 (maternity leave, unemployment) Social security covers only two third of workers, Challenge in compliance of companies in participation in social security تم تحقيق التقدم من حيث الأجور الملائمة والعمل المنتج، مع ارتفاع الأجور الحقيقية لجميع العاملين من رجال ونساء، وذلك على الرغم من الركود المرحلي الناتج عن الصدمات الخارجية كحرب العراق والأزمة المالية العالمية عام 2008. واتسعت رقعة الزيادات في الأجور لتشمل كل فئات الوظائف الأساسية، خلال العقد الماضي، كان هناك زيادة في الاجور الحقيقية من 15% نقطة رغم توقف لحظي من الاجور الحقيقية في 2008. الزيادة الفعلية في الاجور الحقيقية قد عززها نشط نظام الحد الادنى للاجور، التي شهدت زيادة الحد الادنى للاجور خمس مرات منذ 2002, ومؤخرا جدا فى 2012.

Work Conditions Informal sector : 44 % , informal labour 55 % of private sector 92 % of wage worker in informal economy in small enterprises (1-4 workers), with low decent work Formal labour in private sector: 13 % in temporary contracts Daily contract forms 7 % of labour in private sector Work injuries reduced to half in the last decade Occupational Health and Safety is very weak, where there are 20 thousand job injuries registered in Jordan As for the category of children (below 18 years) are suffering from child labor. يتمثل التحدي الرئيسي الذي يعترض تحليل مؤشر العمل غير المستقر في تناقض البيانات المتوفر، ما يصعّب عملية تقييم مدى انتشار العمل غير المستقر بشكل دقيق وموثوق. وفي هذا الصدد، قد يكون مفيداً بالنسبة لدائرة الإحصاءات العامة أن تبلور تحديدات للعمالة غير النظامية والعمل غير المستقر، لأن ذلك سيساهم في تحديد نقاط التقاطع بين المؤشرين، وكذلك نقاط الإختلاف: على سبيل المثال، قد يكون من المجدي توسيع نطاق التحديد الحالي الذي تغطيه دائرة الإحصاءات العامة للعمل غير المستقر ، فيضم العاملين في القطاع النظامي بموجب عقود مؤقتة. لكن من الواضح أن العمالة غير النظامية – التي تستخدم كبديل ناقص عن العمل غير المستقر في الأردن – تحتل مساحةً كبيرةً ومتنامية في صفوف القوى العاملة، ويعود ذلك بشكل جزئي إلى العوائق الجمة التي تحول دون إضفاء طابع نظامي على المؤسسات، فضلاً عن النمو الذي تولده المؤسسات غير النظامية في القطاع الخاص (وفرص العمل ذات الصلة). أضف إلى ذلك أن الأكثرية الساحقة من موظفي القطاع غير النظامي يعملون في المؤسسات الصغيرة والبالغة الصغر، ما يعكس جزئياً واقع أن المؤسسات التي تضم أقل من خمسة موظفين كانت معفاة لوقت ليس ببعيد من التسجيل في الضمان الاجتماعي (راجع الفصل 10). وفي حين أن السياسة الجديدة التي تقضي بتسجيل كافة المؤسسات في الضمان الإجتماعي قد وضعت بهدف الحد من عدد العاملين في القطاع غير النظامي والعمل غير المستقر ، من غير الواضح حتى الآن مدى إمكانية نجاح استراتيجية مماثلة في غياب أي خطوات عملية للتخفيف من العبء المالي والإداري الذي تشكله عملية التسجيل بالنسبة للمؤسسات. وإلى جانب العاملين في القطاع غير النظامي، يواجه موظفو القطاع الخاص النظامي العاملين بموجب عقود مؤقتة ظروف عمل هشة، وهم يشكلون شريحة كبيرة من المستخدمين في القطاع الخاص النظامي. ويتركز هؤلاء، شأنهم شأن العاملين في القطاع غير النظامي، في المؤسسات الصغيرة وبالغة الصغر، وهم على الأرجح أقل وصولاً إلى مختلف أشكال المنافع غير المرتبطة بالأجر مثل الإجازات السنوية والإجازات المرضية. لكن، وعلى الرغم من هذا الواقع، تستثني التحديدات الوطنية للعمالة غير المستقرة المعمول بها حالياً الموظفين المؤقتين في القطاع النظامي. بالتالي تبرز الحاجة إلى تطوير أداة قياس أكثر دقة للعمل غير المستقر تأخذ بعين الاعتبار أن العمل غير المستقر موجود أيضاً في القطاع النظامي، لا سيما على صعيد الإستخدام العرضي، بدلاً من أن تكتفي بالمساواة ما بين العمل غير المستقر والعمالة غير النظامية.

TUs & Right to Organize Jordan has not ratified Convention No. 87 on the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, but ratified Convention No. 98 on the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining in 1968.“ 17 formal Tus, some independent TUs Participation rate in TUs is 12.6 % Collective bargaining increased significantly to reach 20.8 % in 2011 ( 3.8 % in 2010). But the reason behind that is increasing number of workers participating in agreement and the number of agreements. The quality of agreements are not clear. Most of them were on the enterprise itself and not on the sector level, which make it difficult to evaluate its comprehensiveness The majority of workers in Jordan union organizations are from the private-sector workers, public sector workers are barred from union organization. Young workers do not care about unions, they care about having jobs that provide them with decent living standards. في النهاية، وعلى الرغم من إحراز بعض التقدّم فيما يتعلق بتعزيز آليات الحوار الاجتماعي، إلّا أنّ الأطر القانونية وأطر السياسات في الأردن تتطلب مزيدًا من التطور في نواح عدّة لكي تراعي متطلّبات العمل الدولية، وتضمن بالتالي أن قوانينها باتت تخدم ( بدل أن تعيق) أهداف العمل اللائق. وتشكّل عدم مصادقة الأردن على اتفاقية منظمة العمل الدولية الأساسية رقم 87، وهي "الحرية النقابية وحماية حق التنظيم النقابي" الصادرة في العام 1948، مصدر قلق. وعلى الرغم من إحراز تقدم ملموس فيما يتعلق بتوفير هذا الحق، بما في ذلك الحق في انضمام العمّال الأجانب إلى النقابات، ما زال هناك بعض القيود الصارمة، بما في ذلك القيود المفروضة على عدد من النقابات العمالية الرسمية واشتراط أن تضمّ النقابات 50 عضوا مؤسسًا وعدم قدرة العمّال الأجانب على إنشاء النقابات بالإضافة إلى فرض قيود مستمرّة على الحق في الإضراب . وعلى الرغم من بعض الأمثلة الجيدة، لا سيما في ما يتعلّق بالتوصل إلى اتفاق قطاعي مؤخرًا في قطاع الملابس، تبقى المفاوضة الجماعية في البلاد ضعيفة، مع تسجيل ارتفاع مؤخرًا في معدّلات التغطية (أي الأعداد التي تغطّيها اتفاقات المفاوضة الجماعية) وسط تصاعد في الاضطرابات العمالية. ومن منظور مؤسساتي، يعتبر إنشاء المجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي واللجنة الثلاثية من أهم التطورات الإيجابية التي قامت في السنوات الأخيرة لتعزيز الحوار الاجتماعي الصحيح. ومع ذلك، يكمن التحدّي الرئيسي في وجود التزام سياسي لتفعيل هذه الهيكليّات.

Youth Rights at Work in Indonesia Large size informal economy with labour abuses and limited penetration of the trade unions; Low participation of young women and men in trade unions movement; Disconnect between confederations and grassroot activists; four labor unions and coordination among them was weak or even non-existent Specific issues – e.g.: workers recruited through agency are shifted to other recruitment company and lose their accumulated entitlements.

Youth rights at work, Why?? Youth makes around 20 % of the total population. Third the population of young people suffer from unemployment 80% of young Jordanian workers in the labor market are the holders of high school certificates or less Youth have difficulties in finding work because they lack work experience. When employed, they have less tenure than adult workers and they are more likely to be dismissed first when the enterprise experience difficulties. They are exposed to the risk of having to accept any job just to gain work experience and increase their chances to find better jobs in future. The choice they often have to face is either to work for low wages and poor conditions or not work at all. And even when young people are aware of their rights at work, they often fail to defend them for fear of being fired and/or stigmatized as troublemakers.

Youth Awareness Knowledge Skills Responsibilities at work Rights at work Defend the rights Awareness Knowledge Skills Outreach Participation in TUs Collective Bargaining Tools (manual on YR@W) TUs

Manual on YR@W Develop a manual on the rights of young people at work, for both trainers and trainees, and includes the need to develop a set of knowledge and ideas in the hands of young people at work to help them adapt to the business environment surrounding that engage them to know their rights and duties which will result in balanced work relationships that affect the stability of the work environment and increase job stability. Improving negotiating skills is very important as, so it leads young people working, to use the dialogue processes with their employers to improve the terms and conditions of their work.

Manual Objectives General Objectives: Empower youth in Jordan on their rights, defend and promote positive attitudes towards their duties and responsibilities for the community. Objectives 1. Spread awareness of laws and regulations relating to the labour market among Youth workers in Jordan. 2. Spread awareness on trade unions and promote the participation of young people to establish or join organizations and trade unions. 3. Spread awareness on international labour standards, especially the fundamental principles and rights at work. 4. Spread awareness on concepts of decent work and occupational health and safety in the workplace. 5. Promote the skills of young people on collective bargaining and social dialogue to resolve labour disputes and improve the working environment.

Target Group 1. Youth in the age group (15-24 years old), who are involved in the labour market or who are about to enter it. 2. Labour activists and members of trade unions. 3. Activists in civil society organizations working on human rights among young people. 4. Young workers who want to establish their labour organizations. 5. Providers of education and vocational training.

Methodology Participatory and interactive approach Review of the literatures, previous studies and reports. Review the training manuals available on YR@W (Indonesia and Serbia) Review regional and global experience conducted on youth and trade union action. Review of national strategies ,legislation and national laws and international agreements, Regular meetings with project Steering Committee and the editing board Feedback from the workshops about youth rights at work. Feedback from a four-day’s training with (60) youngster on the draft of the training manual. Feedback from the training of (25) trainers for 5 days which will be trained on the Manual, its contents and applications.

Training Methods Brainstorming Story Group works Game and competition Case studies Role Play

Process Agreement on the ToRs Selection of the consultant Forming Editing Board/committee Workshop on manual content& format (Jordan) First draft + review by committee and ILO Comments incorporated 2nd draft agreed by committee Pilot with youth ( two group-Jordan) Incorporating changes based on lessons learnt TOT on the manual (Jordan) Validation and publication

Serbia Indonesia Jordan Country Modules Content/Topics Structure /Format Serbia Basics Contracts & Social Security Hours of work OSH Exercising rights at work Labour market situations FPR DW Contracts Social protection OSH rights & Responsibilities OSH risks Manage disputes Facilitator Guide Five Sessions (Modules) Leaning objectives Introduction Explanation of activities Toolkit Activities Indonesia Rights & Entitlements Defend rights LS Working time & leave Wages Collective bargaining Three learning outcomes (Modules) Sub-outcomes & Assessment criteria Activity: Goal, time, equipment, References Jordan Labour Rights Decent Work Contracts and Social Protection Defending youth rights at work CL Discrimination Compulsory work Concept of DW Jordan labour market Working hours & wages Resolve disputes Five Themes (Modules) Sub-themes Session & activities: training outcomes, training methods, tools, time, references

Informal Economy All economic activities by workers and economic units that are, in law or in practice, not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangement Most of the enterprises are small enterprises (1-4 workers) (i.e 99.9% in Auto Repair sector) Most of decent work and labour right dimensions need to be promoted and enhanced The informal sector workers are exposed to very large work injuries where the health and safety methods are very weak. Workers in the informal sector (44 % of total workers), do not enjoy any form of rights. In the provisional law there has been an evolution of the Social Security Act but face problem in implementation

Promoting YR@W in informal economy Upgraded informal apprenticeship model Upgrading apprentice - Skill tracking and upgrading - Career guidance - Training on YR@W - OSH Training Upgrading worksite -Evaluation and improving OSH situation -Improving work and worksite management -Relations & conflict resolution Upgrading master craftsperson -Coaching on skill tracking -OSH training -Training on work improvement -Skill upgrading on new technologies -Training on YR@W

Impact – Indonesia Bringing competing organizations together Process allowed for prioritizing of important issues Used for recruitment of new members Mainstreaming of YR@W in training programmes allow TUs to start discussions on their contributions

Impact – Jordan Awareness and knowledge on YR@W among youth workers Provision a tool for trade unions for outreach youth Training of trainers on YR@W from trade unions, CSOs, youth organization, PWDs Awareness and knowledge on YR@W among youth workers Training youth on labor rights particularly in informal economy

Future look-Jordan Creation a pool of trainers on promoting YR@W that could be used by trade union for disseminating and awareness youth on their rights & responsibilities Adaptation the manual by TVET providers to be included in the curricula of the trainee at the last period of training Using the manual as a main tool for promoting YR@W in apprenticeship programs particularly the informal apprenticeship Launch an initiative in young people's rights, in which the manual be part of Formation of a committee to follow up on the manual by various official bodies of trade unions and concerned ministries and organizations Manual adaptation to PWDs (i.e handicap) Implementation of worker training in the workplace Adding links on the website to assess the manual. Participation/involvement all trade unions

The manual of youth rights at work itself is a tool and not a goal, a tool for: outreaching youth Improving capacities of TUs in promoting YR@W Prioritizing of important rights at work issues Increase youth participation in TUs .

Thank you.